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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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conductive HL
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- caused by damage to or blockage in the outer or middle ear
- results in sound attenuation (decrease in the strength of a sound) - marked by hearing loss only by AC |
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sensorineural HL
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- hearing loss caused by damage to inner ear or auditory nerve
- marked by equal hearing loss by BC and AC |
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mixed HL
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- caused by problems in both conductive and sensorineural mechanisms
- marked by loss of hearing by BC, but even greater loss by AC |
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non-organic HL
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- caused by inconclusive test results
- often due to malingering or psychogenic hearing loss |
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central auditory processing disorder (CAPD)
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congenital or acquired condition that results in difficulty processing auditory information
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Schwabach test
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- compares patient's BC to normal
- tuning fork is placed against mastoid process - patient indicates when tone is no longer heard - examiner places tuning fork behind his own ear and counts the seconds until the tone is no longer audible - results can be diminished, normal, or prolonged |
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Rinne test
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- compares BC to AC
- patient is asked if tone is louder when tuning fork is held against bone or held next to the ear - considered a negative Rinne if BC is louder |
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Bing test
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- uses occlusion effect to determine whether HL is conductive or sensorineural
- tuning fork held to mastoid process - examiner alternately closes and opens ear canal - if patient hears pulsing sound, test is considered a positive Bing - if patient hears no difference in loudness, test is considered a negative Bing |
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Weber test
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- uses Stenger principle to test lateralization
- tuning fork placed on midline of skull - tone should be perceived as equally loud in each ear for those with normal hearing |
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impedance
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the opposition a medium offers to the transmission of acoustic energy
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resistance
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reduction in intensity over time
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reactance
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reduction in both intensity and frequency over time
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localization
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ability to find the direction of a sound source due to relative intensities of a sound, and time of arrival at each ear
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mel
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measurement of pitch
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sone
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measurement of intensity
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advantages to binaural hearing
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- sound localization
- improved hearing over background noise - better threshold to intensity |
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pure-tone responses
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- raise hand
- push button - drop object in basket - VRA - verbal - eye-blinking |
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pure-tone instructions
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- introduce purpose of testing
- instruct and prepare patient - place headphones on - play series of tones (low/high, quiet/loud, left/right) - watch for expected response |
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pure-tone average (PTA)
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average hearing level at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz in each ear
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types of bone conduction
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- distortional: skull vibration distorts structures within cochlea
- inertial: skull vibration sets ossicles into motion - osseotympanic: oscillation of the skull causes vibration in the outer ear canal |
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procedure for threshold testing
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- start around 30-40 dB, 1000 Hz
- once a positive response is received, reduce tone level by 10 dB steps until no response occurs - increase tone level by 5 dB steps until a response occurs - go for best 3 out of 5 |
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air-bone gaps
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- difference between AC threshold and BC threshold in the same ear
- indicates conductive HL - significant gap: >10 dB |
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interaural attenuation (IA)
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loss of intensity of a sound as it travels from the test ear to the non-test ear
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cross hearing
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reception of a sound signal during a hearing test by the non-test ear
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minimum IA
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AC: 40 dB
BC: 0 dB |
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purpose of masking
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to eliminate cross-hearing
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when to use AC masking
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if the thresholds from the test ear exceed the BC thresholds of the non-test ear by the amount of minimum IA
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when to use BC masking
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always
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audiological organizations
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- ASHA
- AAA (American Academy of Audiology) - ARA (Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology) - ADA (Academy of Doctors of Audiology) - EAA (Educational Audiology Association) - AAS (American Auditory Society) - HLAA (Hearing Loss Association of America) - AGBAD (Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf) |
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founder of audiology
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Raymond Carhart
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air conduction (AC) pathway
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from sound source through outer, middle, and inner ear to brain
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bone conduction (BC) pathway
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from sound source through bone and inner ear to brain
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sound pressure level (SPL)
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standard expression of the pressure of sound
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hearing level (HL)
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number of dB SPL above an average hearing threshold
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sensation level (SL)
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number of dB SPL above the hearing threshold of a given patient for a given signal
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Stenger principle
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when two tones of the same frequency are presented to both ears, only the louder one is heard
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occlusion effect
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when outer ear is occluded, bone-conducted tones seem louder
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obscure auditory dysfunction (OAD)
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problem with clarity rather than loudness
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central masking
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threshold shift in test ear due to introduction of masking sound in non-test ear that is not due to crossover
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auditory closure
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ability to fill in auditory gaps based on context and situation
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