Audiology Exam 1 (Pp)

Front 1

What are the two major divisions of the ear?

Back 1

Peripheral and Central auditory systems

Front 2

What is included in the auditory periphery?

Back 2

External, middle, and inner ear. VIII cranial nerve

Front 3

Central auditory system includes

Back 3

fiber tracts in the low brain stem, mid-brain, thalamus, and cortex.

Front 4

Where are hair cells located?

Back 4

The organ of Corti

Front 5

What is included in the conductive portion of the auditory system?

Back 5

The outer ear and the middle ear

Front 6

Why does conductive hearing loss occur?

Back 6

damage to middle or outer ear

Front 7

What is included in the sensorineural portion of the ear?

Back 7

Sensory portion which consists of the inner ear, which consists of sensory cells, and the neural portion which consists of everything more central to the cochlea.

Front 8

What does the neural portion of the ear consist of?

Back 8

VIII cranial nerve, low brain stem, mid-brain, thalamus, and cortex. AKA retrocochlear.

Front 9

What causes sensorineural hearing loss?

Back 9

Damage to the cochlear or any retrocochlear structure. IE hair cells or VIII nerve fibers

Front 10

What does air conduction test?

Back 10

Conducive (external and inner ears) and the cochlea and beyond

Front 11

What does bone conduction test?

Back 11

The cochlea

Front 12

A hearing loss by air conduction means there is a lesion where?

Back 12

Outer ear, middle ear, cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, and/or the central auditory pathways

Front 13

A hearing loss by bone conduction means there is a lesion where?

Back 13

In the cochlea, Vestibulocochlear nerve, or central auditory pathways.

Front 14

What does an audiogram show?

Back 14

how much hearing loss is in the conductive portion (external ear and/or middle ear) of the system by measuring the gap between air and bone conduction (air-bone gap)

Front 15

No gap between air and bone conduction implies

Back 15

a sensorineural hearing loss

Front 16

Gap between air and bone conduction implies

Back 16

a conductive component to the hearing loss (damage to external and/or middle ear). Loss by bone conduction indicates sensorineural hearing loss, too (damage to cochlea and/or auditory nerve).

Front 17

Hearing loss in adults is caused by

Back 17

Otosclerosis, Ménière's disease, Sudden hearing loss, Vestibular schwannoma, Ototoxicity, and Age-related hearing loss

Front 18

Ménière's disease

Back 18

excess endolymph balloons membranous labyrinth, Progresses in a series of bouts, symptom-free intervals fullness/pressure, rushing or roaring tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo

Front 19

Sudden Hearing Loss

Back 19

Ideopathic, but suspected causes: viral, autoimmune response, microcirculation defect (thrombus or clot, embolism, artery spasm)

Front 20

Vestibular Schwannoma

Back 20

(aka, acoustic nerve tumor) attacks myelin sheath of nerve, space-occupying lesion

Front 21

Ototoxicity:

Back 21

potentially damaging to the cochlear or vestibular systems
Aminoglycoside antibiotics (-mycin drugs)
Antineoplastic drugs

Front 22

Age-related hearing loss

Back 22

(presbycusis: hearing in the elderly)
sensory and central presbycusis

Front 23

What is Audiology?

Back 23

Audiology is the study of hearing. Audiologists are interested in anything affecting hearing.

Front 24

What are Audiologists trained to do?

Back 24

evaluate hearing, and treat non-medical aspects of hearing loss.

Front 25

What are some medical professions related to hearing?

Back 25

ear-nose-throat (ENT) doctors, or oto(rhino) laryngologists, and otologists (the most specialized).

Front 26

What do Audiologists do?

Back 26

When evaluating patients (or clients) the case history is usually the first activity, Evaluate hearing, Audiometry is used to determine if there is a hearing loss.

Front 27

How is a case history used?

Back 27

To gather subjective information and symptoms

Front 28

Why is otoscopy used?

Back 28

permits visualization of the external and middle ear

Front 29

Immittance audiometry

Back 29

tympanometry measures the mobility of the middle ear system. The middle ear is what is impacted by ear infections which cause an accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.

Front 30

Acoustic (stapedial) reflex testing

Back 30

provides diagnostic information about all the major divisions of the ear

Front 31

Pure-tone air and bone conduction tests measure

Back 31

our sensitivity to pure tones. By comparing hearing by air versus bone conduction, it's possible to get a general idea of where a lesion might be located (in the conductive versus sensorineural portion of the system).

Front 32

Knowing where the lesion is located helps to

Back 32

determine what disease might be causing the hearing loss. Knowing what disease is present helps determine appropriate treatment.

Front 33

Speech reception threshold (SRT) measures

Back 33

how the hearing loss has affected the ability to hear speech.

Front 34

Word recognition/identification testing measures

Back 34

how the hearing loss has affected the ability to understand speech.

Front 35

Behavioral observation audiometry (BOA)

Back 35

uses noisemakers to detect any observable response to sound. not used so much any more since better tests are available

Front 36

Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) and the conditioned orientation response (COR).

Back 36

Sound is presented. The child's natural response is to turn the head in the direction of the sound. An animated toy reinforces the response.

Front 37

Play audiometry

Back 37

The child is trained to make a (more fun) response when a tone is heard (like dropping a block in a bucket).

Front 38

Objective, physiologic measures like the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs)

Back 38

record physiological responses to sound.
It is possible to determine if a one-day old baby can hear, or someone in a coma can hear.

Front 39

What does an audiologist do if there is no hearing loss found?

Back 39

no further evaluation is needed, but
even this knowledge can be helpful to the patient who may worry about the normal problems we have listening in difficult environments, or
concern over symptoms which typically are not a threat to health

Front 40

What does an audiologist do if there is a hearing loss?

Back 40

then further evaluation (more in-depth testing) is needed to determine what is causing the loss.
Special tests are performed to determine if the lesion causing the hearing loss may be medically/surgically treatable.

Front 41

Lesions in the conductive portion were often

Back 41

medically/surgically treatable

Front 42

Cochlear lesions

Back 42

(with some exceptions) were often not medically/surgically treatable, but could benefit from a hearing aid.

Front 43

VIII nerve lesions

Back 43

usually acoustic nerve tumors and were potentially life threatening (they are removed surgically).
Many of the diagnostic tests were performed to "rule-out"

Front 44

Alternate binaural loudness balance test (ABLB):

Back 44

unilateral losses. The ABLB determines how our perception of loudness changes as intensity increases. The test determines if recruitment is present (recruitment  cochlear pathology).

Front 45

Short increment sensitivity index (SISI):

Back 45

bilateral losses. The SISI is based upon the difference limen (threshold) for intensity. The test evaluates the ability to detect small changes in loudness of a continuous tone (+SISI  cochlear pathology).

Front 46

Threshold tone decay, Békésy audiometry

Back 46

determines if adaptation is present (tone decay  VIII nerve lesion). Will a steady tone remain audible, or will it gradually fade away? Rollover in the performance-intensity function (the speech intelligibility function) Does speech become more unintelligible at higher intensities? (Rollover  VIII nerve lesion).

Front 47

Immittance audiometry screens for

Back 47

middle ear disease

Front 48

Acoustic reflex testing evaluates

Back 48

sensorineural portion of the ear, but is also sensitive to middle ear disorders.

Front 49

What do auditory evoked potentials provide?

Back 49

information about neural function (like the presence of VIII nerve tumors). A stimulus (like a click) evokes electrical activity in the auditory pathway. Surface (scalp) electrodes detect the activity. The computer processes and displays the results. The most useful of the evoked potentials is the auditory brainstem response (ABR).

Front 50

Electroneurography (ENOG)

Back 50

monitors facial nerve activity (Bell's palsy).

Front 51

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP)

Back 51

monitors the integrity of the spinal cord, other peripheral nerves in the extremities.

Front 52

Electronystagmography (ENG)

Back 52

evaluates the visual and vestibular components of the balance system.

Front 53

. VEMPs & SVV:

Back 53

assess utricle/saccule, neural pathways.

Front 54

Dynamic posturography

Back 54

evaluates the ability of our balance system to provide motor control to maintain postural stability.

Front 55

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs)

Back 55

determine the status of the sensory cells that allow us to hear soft sounds (outer hair cells). It's a tool to objectively screen for mild hearing loss (even in babies).

Front 56

The central auditory evaluation

Back 56

uses special speech (and nonspeech) tests to uncover auditory processing deficits (brainstem through cortex).

Front 57

If a referral is necessary, who is the best choice?

Back 57

An ENT usually, but sometimes a primary care physician is a better choice.

Front 58

What does an audiologist do if a medical referral is not found necessary but aural rehabilitation is needed?

Back 58

implement appropriate components of an AR program

Front 59

What are the steps taken when a hearing aid is needed?

Back 59

Determine if the patient is a hearing aid candidate.
Select the proper characteristics for amplification.
Fit the patient with the hearing aid.
Evaluate aided hearing (document that the hearing aid is working as expected).
Follow-up the patient to ensure continued success, satisfaction.

Front 60

What are cochlear implants?

Back 60

devices for the profoundly hearing impaired

Front 61

What does aural rehabilitation include?

Back 61

The use of hearing instruments (hearing aids), fitting cochlear implants, recommending assistive devices, counseling for understanding the impact of hearing loss and adjusting to the consequences of this. Speechreading, auditory training for maximizing use of the visual channel and use of residual hearing for communication. Speech/language (re)habilitation. Primarily performed by the speech-language pathologist.

Front 62

What training does an audiologist need?

Back 62

CCC by ASHA, doctoral degree, 75 semester hours of coursework, 52 weeks of supervised practicum, pass PRAXIS exam, clinical fellowship,

Front 63

Who is the father of audiology?

Back 63

Raymond Carhart (1912-1975). For many years he was a distinguished and very influential researcher, professor at Northwestern University.

Front 64

Audiology is a marriage of which two professions?

Back 64

speech pathology and otolaryngology.

Front 65

When did audiology begin?

Back 65

mid 1940's

Front 66

Where do audiologists work?

Back 66

As employees in ENT physician's offices doing diagnostics and hearing aid fitting, hospitals and clinics, public schools, in industry (hearing conservation programs and hearing aid manufacturing), University (research, teaching, and clinical supervision), and private practice.

Front 67

Basic requirements for sound

Back 67

Input energy (like striking the tine of a tuning fork)
Vibrating body (a tuning fork, for example)
Propagating medium and, optionally, a
Receiving mechanism

Front 68

What two properties must a vibrating body have?

Back 68

Mass and Elasticity

Front 69

MKS

Back 69

using meter-kilogram-sec units for quantities, more convenient for measuring "big things,

Front 70

CGS

Back 70

expresses quantities using centimeter-gram-sec units, more convenient for measuring smaller things

Front 71

Energy

Back 71

neither created nor destroyed. It just changes from one form into another, are joules (J) in the MKS system, ergs in the CGS system

Front 72

joule

Back 72

unit of energy; unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of 1 ampere is passed through a resistance of 1 ohm for 1 second. also a unit of mechanical energy equal to the work done when a force of 1 Newton acts through a distance of 1 meter.

Front 73

Force

Back 73

Newtons (MKS)/Dynes(CGS)

Front 74

pressure

Back 74

amount of force exerted over a surface area P=F/A pascal(MKS)

Front 75

power

Back 75

the units of "Watts - 1 Watt = 1 joule/s
the rate at which energy is being used, or consumed.

Front 76

intensity

Back 76

measured in Watts/m2 - rate at which energy is being radiated over a given surface area - = Power/m2

Front 77

compression

Back 77

an area of the atmosphere that is greater than the ambient
p =  * c2

Front 78

rarefaction

Back 78

area that is below ambient

Front 79

ambient

Back 79

usually taken as the reference and given a value of "zero."

Front 80

SHM

Back 80

motion with one degree of freedom; it is repetitive, cyclical motion

Front 81

Instantaneous amplitude

Back 81

displacement (from the position of rest) at any instant in time (ai).

Front 82

Peak amplitude (Ap)

Back 82

absolute value of the maximum deviation (from the position of rest) to either the right or left.

Front 83

Peak-to-peak amplitude (Ap-p)

Back 83

the absolute value of the deviation between the maximum excursions (right to left, or + to -).

Front 84

RMS amplitude (or Arms)

Back 84

Each instantaneous amplitude is squared, summed, averaged (the mean value), and then the square root of the average is taken.

Front 85

wavelength changes

Back 85

with frequency (f) and the speed of sound (c) - High frequencies have short wavelengths

Front 86

simple harmonic motion

Back 86

mass oscillating at the end of a spring

Front 87

period

Back 87

the time it takes to complete 1 trip around the circle

Front 88

frequency is the number

Back 88

trips around the circle in one second

Front 89

Angular velocity (omega, )

Back 89

the speed of the point moving around the circle.

Front 90

The speed depends upon the

Back 90

frequency