• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/301

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

301 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Magnitude of a sound wave, acoustic reflex, evoked potiential, etc
Amplitude
occurring at irregular intervals; not periodic
Aperiodic wave
Periodic variations of the amplitude of a tone when a second tone of slightly different frequency is produced simultaneously.
Beats
Unit expressing the intensity of a sound relative to a reference intensity
Bel
The constant random colliding movement of molecules in a medium.
Brownian motion
The reduction of the amplitude of a sound wave to zero. This results when two tones of the same frequency and amplitude are introduced 180 degrees out of phase.
Cancellation
A pure-tone constituent of a complex wave.
Component
1. in acoustics, portion of the sound-wave cycle in which particles of the transmission medium are compacted: 2. in hearing aid circuitry, nonlinear amplifier gain used either to limit maximum output or to match amplifier gain to an individual's loudness growth
Compression
A sound wave representing simple harmonic motion that begins at 90 degrees.
Cosine wave
la cipolla (chi-po'-la)
onion
The perceived pitch of a tone resulting from the simultaneous presentation of two tones of different frequencies. The tone perceived has a frequency equal to the difference in hertz between the other two tones.
Difference tone
Unit of force, defined as the amount necessary to accelerate 1 gram a distance of 1 centimeter per second
Dyne
Restoring force of a material that causes components of the material to return to their original shape or location following displacement
Elasticity
Outside, toward the outside
Exponent
The impetus required to institute or alter the velocity of a body.
Force
The number of time a repetitive event occurs in a specified time period
Frequency
The lowest frequency of vibration in a complex wave.
Fundamental frequency
Component of a complex tone, the frequency of which is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency
Harmonic
1. Sound power transmitted transmitted through a given area. 2. Generic term for any quanity relating to the amount or magnitude of sound
Intensity
The exponent that tells the power to which a number is raised; the number of times that a number (the base) is multiplied by itself.
Logarithm
A unit of pitch measurement. One thousand mels is the pitch of a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SL, 2000 mels is the subjective pitch exactly double 1000 mels, and so on.
Mel
A pressure equal to one-millionth of standard atmospheric pressure (1 mbar equals 1 dyne/cm2).
Microbar
The force required to give a 1 kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/sec2 (1 N equals 100,000 d).
Newton
Frequency interval between two tones with a 2 to 1 ratio so that one frequency is twice that frequency of the other
Octave
Periodic vibration back and forth bewteen two points
Oscillation
Any whole-number multiple of the fundamental frequency of a complex wave. It differs from the harmonic only in the numbering used (e.g., the first overtone is equal to the second harmonic).
Overtone
Pa; unit of pressure, expressed in Newtons per square meter
Pascal
Length of time for a sine wave to complete one cycle
Period
Recurring at regular time intervals
Periodic wave
Relative position in time of a point along a periodic waveform, expressed in degrees of a circle.
Phase
The unit of loudness level. It corresponds to the loudness of a signal at other frequencies equal to the intensity at numbers of intensity of a 1000 Hz tone.
Phon
In the propagation of sound waves, the time during which the density of air molecules is decreased below its static value
Rarefaction
Condition of peak vibratory response upon excitation of a system that can vibrate freely
Resonance
Harmonic motion plotted as a function of time
Sinusoid
The unit of loudness measurement. One sone equals the loudness of a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL.
Sone
The speed of a sound wave in a given direction.
Velocity
A unit of power
Watt
Orderly disturbance of the molecules of a medium caused by the vibratory motion of an object; propagated disturbance in a medium
Waves
Length of a sound wave; defined as the distance in space that one cycle occupies
Wavelength
Different types of waves
-Sine
-Longitudinal
-Transverse
-Complex
Different vibrations
-Forced vibration
-Free vibration
Different frequency
-Hertz
-Mass effects
-Length Effects
-Cycles per second
Different Intensity
-Decibel
-Power
-Pressure
-Work
Different Decibels
-Sensation level
-Sound-pressure level
Spectrum
-Fourier analysis
Different Psychological Acoustics
-Pitch
-Loudness
-Quality
-Centimeter per second squared
-Meters per second squared
Acceleration
-Meter squared
-Centimeter squared
Area
-Newton
-Dyne
Force
-Watt per centimeter squared
-Watt per meter squared
Intensity
-Meter
-Centimeter
Length
-Kilogram
-Gram
Mass
-Watt
-Ergs per second
-Joules per second
Power
-Pascal
-Newton per meter squared
-Dyne per centimeter squared
Pressure
-Meters per second
-Centimeter per second
Velocity
-Joule
-Erg
Work
Decreases inversely as a function of the square of the distance from the source
Sound intensity
Sound velocity divided by frequency
Wavelength
The period of a 100 Hz tone is:
1/100 sec
Velocity divied by time
Acceleration
When the expression intnesity level (IL) is used, this means that the reference is not:
0.0002 dyn/cm squared
The unit of measurement of pitch is the:
mel
The SPL of of a sound with a pressure output of 200 micropascals is
20dB
The velocity of sound in air is said to be
1,130 ft/sec
The condition in which air molecules are packed most tightly together is called the
compression
The quality of sound is also called its
timbre
In the propagation of sound, as air molecules are moved further from each other, they are said to be:
rarefied
The log of 1 is
1
Sounds we hear may be the results of:
-Incident waves
-Reflected waves
-Composite waves
The velocity of sound is
greater in denser media
The joule is a unit of
work
The unit of measurement in equal loudness contours is
phon
uniquely qualified to provide a comprehensive array of professional services related to the prevention, evaluation, and rehabilitation of hearing impairment and its’ associated communication disorder
Audiologist
Requirements for Audiology
-Academic and clinic preparation
-Certification
-Licensure
-4 year doctoral degree
-3 four month rotations at OU
-Many places pay a stipen for a fourth year AuD student
-In the fourth year of AuD you finish you come out completely licensed Audiologists
-Pass with a 600 score or better then apply for ASHA certification
-about 120,000 members of ASHA and less than 20% are Audiologists
-American Academy of Audiologists (triple A) only for Audiologists, in order to supervise students in an academic program you have to carry your ASHA ccc.
-In the field of Audiology you are not required to carry your ASHA C’s, it is required in certain jobs, but you do not have to maintain it. You DO have to be licensed
*****A license is REQUIRED, you CANNOT practice Speech Language Pathology or Audiology (different from certification  ASHA C’s)
-You have to have your C’s to supervise
-Could use it for knowledge and skills, but still have to maintain the right number of hours from a person that is ASHA certified (ASHA C’s)
-You have to follow this list of rules to get your own ASHA C’s
Audiologist
Assessment includes, but is not limited to: administration and interpretation of behavioral, electroacoustic, and electrophysiologic measures of the peripheral auditory system and central auditory testing
Evaluation
provide full range of auditory rehabilitative services (auditory training) which is done primarily through hearing aids and cochlear implants and BAHAs.
Rehabilitation
Audiology is an ______ profession-which means that the audiologist can function independently.
AUTONOMOUS
For insurance to pay for things:
a person has to go to the doctor and say I think I have hearing loss and then the doctor will send you to the Audiologists
Can audiology function independently right now?
No
Practice options for Audiology
-Schools
-Universities
-Hospitals
-Private practice
-Medical practice or centers
-Speech and hearing clinics
-Hearing aid manufacturers
-Industry
What makes more money than being in a university setting?
Private practices, but you have to work really hard in the beginning
must work with numerous other professionals to provide quality care for patients…including doctors, SLPs, geriatric specialists, teachers, psychologists, parents, etc.
Audiologists
Where did Audiology get started from?
When the soldiers returned from WWII
Who still plays a critical role is research and development to this day.
The US armed services
qualifications over the age of 18, sound mind and not crazy, pass a test  high school diploma, no college diploma
Hearing aid dealer --> miracle ear
company that has a website for a self hearing test, they figured out peoples hearing aid settings were way off than it should be
hearingaidsnow.com
____ people who actually need hearing aids go out and purchase them has been this way for about 20 or 25 years
20%
What is the most that insurance companies pay for when it comes to hearing aids?
$18
In the past 5 to 10 years the number of purchases of hearing aids online went from:
1%-4%
The savings of buying hearing aids online was about:
25% to 40%
The nature of hearing
Pressure waves emulate from a source
These waves reach the TM
The TM transforms the energy to mechanical energy
The mechanical energy is converted to hydraulic energy in the fluids of the cochlea
all push each other and then fall back in place (slinky)
Compression and rare faction
how long you can be around something that is loud, going to a concert and it is super loud, determining how loud it is will determine how long you can stay
Noise pollution
his mother and girlfriend who became his wife both had hearing loss. Reason for coming up with amazing work with hearing assessments . Most of his early work started out of the telephone industry.
Alexander Gram Bell
Power and intensity reading or measure was his earliest work. Measured in Watts/meter squared. Power Is not really the way the ear work. The ear works more in pressure waves. Power can be converted into a pressure measure. This is how the DBSPL come out.
Alexander Gram Bell
occurs as a result of “pressure waves” that emanate from some force being applied to a sound source.
Sound
sound is a series of disturbances of molecules within, and propagated through, and elastic medium such as air
Physical
What does sound require?
Must be a source of vibratory energy
Energy must be delivered to and cause a disturbance in a medium
Disturbance is then propagated in the medium in the form of sound waves that carry energy away from the source (condensation/rarefaction).
which is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one location to another.
Sound is a wave
shape of a wave-done so by plotting the disturbance over time
Waveform
equal to one compression and one rarefaction
Cycle
any stage of a cycle, 0, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees, 360 degrees
Phase
speed of vibration-psychological correlate = pitch
Frequency
magnitude of a sound-psychological correlate = loudness
Intensity
tones which all have different starting phase, it whoo whoo whoo whoo, it doesn't create standing waves so it doesn't cancel each other out. that are off in phase from one another
Warbled tones
used in hearing technology, new hearing aid technology most companies use phase cancellation so as soon as the hearing aid picks up, it finds and goes 180degrees out of phase with it and it cancels the loud squealing from it.  feedback cancellation
Phase cancellation
-the distance (in meters or centimeters) covered by one cycle
-speed of sound/frequency
Wavelength
Speed of sound
331m/sec at normal atmospheric pressure
have way shorter way lengths
High frequencies
have longer wave lengths  have the ability can bend around corners, sirens coming around the street softer louder softer louder.
Low frequencies
How loud is sound?
Normal, healthy listeners can detect sound at a pressure level of 20 micropascals (.00002 Pa)
is the sound pressure that is needed to produce a just audible sound in normal healthy ears.
20 micropascals
equals the threshold for pain.
200,000,000 micropascals
______ does not mean the absence of sound, it means the average normal healthy listener can detect a sound to say yes I heard that
0dB
_____ are people who are better than the average listener)
-5 to -10
_______means less hearing but not hearing loss until _____
-15 or 20 --> 25
1/10 of a Bel (unit of measure)
Logarithmic (base 10)
Expressed as a ratio
Decibel (dB)
is a power measure
dBiL
Power is
pressure squared
Intensity can be expressed in
dBSPL
IL =
10log (PO/PR)
dBSPL =
20log (P1/P2)
is the number of cycles that occur in one second (one compression and one rarefaction). Fewer cps equates to a lower pitch and more cps is a higher pitch.
Frequency
the amount of time needed to complete one cycle.
1/frequency
Period
Frequency =
1/period
Frequency is measured in:
Hertz
Humans have a frequency range of:
20Hz-20,000Hz
is the description of the location at any point in the displacement of an air molecule in simple harmonic motion.
Phase
has only one frequency of vibration.
Pure tone
is the distribution of many frequencies in a sound.
Spectrum
Not only does it have the capability of detecting that a sound exists (absolute sensitivity);
It can also determine distinct features of the sound (frequency, intensity and timing cues). This is known as differential sensitivity.
Auditory system
vowels are made up of formant bands and if you hear the first two of them you will be able to distinguish the difference between an a and an e sound
The Ear
shows us that it takes more/less SPL at any given frequency for normal, healthy listeners to determine that a sound is present.
Minimal Audibility Curve
indicates a given number of dB above or below a certain threshold.
Sensation Level
The Auditory System
The ear has three major components:
-Outer ear
-Middle ear
-Inner ear
Development of this occurs very early after conception. (pharyngeal arches begin to appear at about 28 days-from three of the arches, it will begin to form)
Outer Ear
is done by the 7th month of gestation
your complete auditory system
____month of pregnancy the baby can hear
8th and 9th
formation of outer ear begins
at about 28 days
-Babies respond to moms voice best when born because they have been able to hear her voice since the
7th month
is developed at the same time as the renal system which is kidneys
the auditory system
it collects sound and delivers it down the auditory canal
outer ear
-Collects sound
-Resonates sound
-Helps with localization
-Protects the middle ear
Outer ear
part you can stick your finger in is a tube
external auditory canal is a cylinder that is open on one end and closed on another
when a lady sings loud and the glass shatters because the sound vibrates so much at 270 Hz
Resignation:
if you lose your pina you will
lose localization
protects the middle ear,
External Auditory Canal
The outer ear structure includes:
-Pinna (auricle)
-External auditory canal (EAC)
-The outer surface of TM
Approximately 25mm in length
External Auditory Canal
The outer 2/3 is cartilaginous (contains the sebaceous gland)
External Auditory Canal
The inner 1/3 is bony
External Auditory Canal
acts as a resonator which enhances sounds at approximately 2700 Hz.
External Auditory Canal
external auditory meatus
External Auditory Canal
The sebaceous gland secretes a substance called
Cerumen
serves to protect the EAC
Cerumen
is a translucent membranous covering that is concave
Tempanic Membrane
2 portions of the tempanic membrane
-Pars flaccida (smaller)
-Pars tensa (larger and stiffer)
-Border between the outer ear and the middle ear
-It is see through and very thin
-Very fragile
Tempanic Membrane
-Is in a cone shape (concave) because of this when you direct a light down the EAC directed towards the umbo you will get light that reflects back from it
Tempanic Membrane
The Tympanic Membrane has how many layers
3
-outer
-middle
-inner
same skin as in EAC
Outer
tough fibrous tissue that allows to vibrate
Middle
Mucous membrane
Inner (middle ear space)
Landmarks of the Tempanic Membrane
Umbo
Cone of Light
Pars Tensa—Majority of TM
Pars Flaccida—Top of TM, no fibrous layer
Every time a _______ ruptures and the ear drum heals itself it is going to leave a scar, scar tissue will make it heavier and thicker it will weigh a lot because of scar tissue
ear drum
Protect the ME and IE from foreign bodies
Amplifies high frequency sounds
Provides cues to assist in localization of sound
Outer ear
The middle ear is an air filled cavity which include these structures:
-Tympanic membrane (inner surface)
-Ossicular chain (ossicles)
-Eustachian tube
The Ossicular Chain
Malleus
Incus
Stapes-footplate sits in oval window
you can see when you look into the ear drum (the longest one)
Malleus
-______ is attached to the incus the _____ is attached to the stapes the bottom part of the stapes(rocks back and forth) rests in the oval window which is the when the entry way
-Mallus
-Incus
-Tissue that will be malleus and incus begins forming at end of the 1st month gestation
-Fully formed by the 16th week
Development of the middle ear
All three bones are attached
Serve as an impedance matching system
Ossicular Chain
They work together as a system and if they break apart they cannot work as a system any more
Ossicular Chain
travels easily through air but when it hits inner ear it is harder because of the fluid
Sound
An impedance matching system means that:
-It allows sound to flow from the air filled ME cavity to the fluid filled IE cavity
-Increases sound energy to do so
-The whole purpose is to be able to increase sound energy so the sound can get from outer to inner ear air to fliud
If the ossicles weren’t present, there would be a decrease in sound transmission of approximately 30dB.
Middle Ear
the size of the ear drum is bigger than the size of the oval window, (like cooking tea)  make sound pressure increase
First case of the middle ear
is the movement of the ossicles themselves, the lever action of the ossicular chain helps to increase sound energy
Second case of the middle ear
the ability of sound energy to flow through air easier to get to go through air than in fluid (everything would be 30dB quiter if we could get the transition from air to fluid wouldn’t work).
impedience matching system
If someone has an ear infection it would effect the _______________ and if this wasn’t working properly you wouldn’t be able to hear sound traveling through the ear
impedience matching system
Area of TM=
55 mm2
Area of Stapes Footplate=
3.2 mm2
The middle ear muscles
-Stapedius Muscle
-Tensor tympani muscle
There is theory that the ME muscles serve to protect the IE from loud sounds by:
stiffening the middle ear bones which attenuates loud sounds (absolutely true of SM, to a smaller effect for TT).-
-Stapedius muscle is attached to the
stapies
_______ muscles they will contract in response to a loud sound, it will make the whole middle ear system stiffen up, when it stiffens it cant move as well, if it is a really loud sound it stiffens and makes it not an efficient system because your body dosnt want you to hear that really loud sound
middle ear muscles
maintains atmospheric pressure in the middle ear space (equal pressure on both sides of the eardrum)
Eustachian Tube
opens once a minute when awake and once every 5 minutes when sleeping
Eustachian Tube
To open the ET during travel
Take a decongestant
Use nasal spray once or twice
Chew gum
-if you yawn or swallow (little crack) you are opening the:
eustachian tube
when opening the ET is allows air into the
middle ear space
-once a min --> awake
-1 every 5 min--> asleep
Eustachian tube
changes outside the ear when you are in a plane and there is a different pressure in the middle ear space
Atmospheric pressure
ears pop because it is the
ET opening to make the atmospheric pressure equal both inside your middle ear and outside your ear
-In an adult ear the ________is more angled and in an infants ear it is more not angled
Eustachian tube
Angles downward (300)
Eustachian Tube
In infants, the ______ is shorter and wider and is in a more horizontal plane than adults
ET
When air pressure is equal on both sides of TM, the movement of the TM is:
maximized
Two portions of the inner ear
-Hearing
-balance
Differentiation begins in 3rd week of gestation
Adult size and configuration by the end of 6th month gestation
Inner ear
________ portions develop first
Vestibular
embedded in the temporal bone
cochlea
-Fluid-filled
-2 ½ turns
inner ear
-The main portion of the hearing
cochlea
the balance portion is connected to the cochlea (if you have balance problems you probably have hearing problems)
cochlea portion
middle ear is the reason that gets the sound from the outside air to the inside fluid
fluid filled cavity
Inner ear
Fluid filled comprised of 3 sections
Scala tympani-perilymph
Scala media-endolymph
Scala vestibuli-perilymph
is hole at the apex that connects the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
Helicotrema
-When they are toxic you will end up with cellular damage and hearing loss
Destroyed Part of the Cochlea
one is high in one and low in the other and vice versa --> that is the different between the twp
sodium potassium concentration
are used for the transmission of pressure and along the scala media is the sensitive organ of Corti, which detects pressure impulses and responds with electrical impulses which travel along the auditory nerve to the brain.
Inner ear
house the organ of corti, which contains all of the sensory receptors
Scala Media
are very important because they are responsible for the first 40dB of our hearing
Outer hair cells
The scala media is separated from the scala vestibuli by Reissner’s membrane and from the scala tympani by the basilar membrane.
Cochlea
rides on the basilar membrane and contains the sensory cells of hearing. It is often referred to as the “end organ of hearing”.
The organ of corti
Sensory cells important to the hearing process are:
-Outer hair cells
-Inner hair cells
3 rows 13-15 thousand in number
Outer hair cells
-We start seeing changes in you hearing in your:
20's
elongated with small hair like projections, known as cilia.
Outer Hair Cells
The cells along the basler membrane is
tonotopicly organized
is that along the basler membrane they are arranged in frequency from high to low, when you inter into the inner ear the first thing you get to in the inner ear the basal end of the cochlea is the high frequency ends apical end is the low frequency ends
The cells along the basler membrane is tonotopicly organized
Once I damage the ______ it is most susceptible to damage and that is what we need the most you can no longer discriminate t’s and s’s
cochlea
___________ will make things louder but they cant make things clearer
-Hearing aids
Elongated and have cilia on top
A single row
No direct contact with tectorial membrane
Innervated by afferent fibers (sensory)
Approximately 3,500 in number
Involves hearing greater than 40dB.
Inner hair cells
Vestibular portion of the Inner ear
Balance:
2 sacs:
Saccule
Utricle
3 semicircular canal:
3 semicircular canals
-Superior
-Lateral
-Posterior
orienting you in space, turing your head, looking up and down
-3 systems to make you oriented in space
vestibular system (ears), ocular system (eyes), propioceptive system (feel and touch) --> these three system all have to work together and all have to be telling you the same thing
not all of the 3 systems are working together
when you get car sick or motion sickness
Movement of the stapes in and out of the oval window (from the ME) creates motion in the IE fluid which in turn moves the structures within the membranous labyrinth and stimulates sensory cells which sends information via nerve impulses to the brain.
Physiology of the Inner Ear
The fluids of the cochlea move in a wave like motion, or:
“traveling wave”
Stapes pushes oval window—creates wave in
scala vestibuli
Wave in scala vestibuli creates displacement wave in
scala media
_______ on side of scala media so it is displaced with scala media
Baslar Membrane
Maximal displacement of the wave occurs along the ______-which is “tuned” to various frequencies.
basilar membrane
high frequencies (closer to the oval window)
Basal End
low frequencies (further away from the oval window)
Apical end
________also is aided by OHC motility
“Tuning”
Sound comes into the inner ear, the ___________ is organized by tonotypically which means that it is frequency sensitive (laied out piano) as you go through you get to the low pitches if you rolled it out it would go from high to low pitches
basilar membrane
-(th) sound falls at about 6000 Hz and they have to be able to hear it at
15dB
there are 20,000 areas along the basilar membrane but with the cochlear implant the
frequency is low and so the sound pitch sounds like an alien
-cochlea implant is directly implanted into the
cochlea
-the basilar membrane effects the
(th) (s) and (f) sounds
With vestibular function, the vestibular system acts as a motion detector. This gives us
our orientation in space.
The utricle and saccule are responsive to
linear acceleration
The ampullae of the semicircular canals are responsive to
angular acceleration
-When you turn your head to the left your right side
-When you turn your head to the left your left side
-is inhibitory and your left is excitatory
-is inhibitory and your right side is excitatory
This happens by the movement of the fluids (the same as with the hearing portion)
When you move your head or body, the vestibular fluids flow in the opposite direction.
Vestibular function
Primarily afferent-goes from cochlea to the brain.
Information is processed binaurally
Information from the right ear goes to the left cortex
Information form the left ear goes to the right cortex
Auditory Nervous system
-when information comes into your ears it switches sides and get to the processing center of my brain
75% will cross over to the other ear
regulates outer hair cells and inhibitory action
Efferent component
__________ from the IHCs exit the organ of Corti through the osseous spiral lamina and form the spiral ganglion in the modiolus.
Nerve fibers
The _______arrangement is preserved throughout the auditory pathways all the way to the brain.
tonotopic
The ________ of the nerve will join with the vestibular branch of the nerve and leaves the cochlea through the IAC (internal auditory canal).
The auditory branch
-the 8th nerve is called the ________ (what she calls auditory nerve)
vestibula cochlea nerve
coded by rate of neural discharge-which means that the amplitude of the nerve firing does not increase, the rate increases
intensity
by place and temporal cues
frequency
The remainder of the auditory neural pathway:
-Cochlear nucleus
-Superior olivary complex (localization)
-Lateral lemniscus
-Inferior colliculus
-Medial geniculate
______ of auditory fibers travel to the opposite primary auditory cortex
75%
____ travel to the same side
25%
The auditory system is a very complicated system…but it does give us an idea of how we process information binaurally and how we recognize one sound from another.
Neural Auditory Pathway
Once speech information gets to the brain it is processed primarily in the left temporal lobe. Because of this, in most humans the right ear is dominant for the processing of speech information.
Neural Auditory Pathways
-binarual listening affect:
we hear better with 2 ears then we can singularly with either one
___________ is an acoustical chamber that picks up sound from the environment and resonates at particular frequencies.
The outer ear
___________ functions primarily in a mechanical fashion, carrying vibrations to the inner ear via the ossicles.
The middle ear
__________is a hydromechanical system that transduces the energy it receives into neuroelectrical impulses and transmits sound to the brain via the auditory nerve.
The inner ear
The Auditory Process
-Sound is collected and funneled into the EAC.
-Impinges on the TM, causes it to vibrate.
-Vibration of the stapes in the OW sets up movement in the cochlear fluids.
-Traveling wave moves along the basilar membrane and displaces area where the specific frequency is “tuned”.
-Information is sent to the primary auditory cortex by way of the auditory pathway.
-Information is processed in the brain.
The softest intensity level where a person can just detect a sound at least 50% of the time.
threshold
Humans have the ability to hear from 10Hz-20,000 Hz with a dynamic range of -
10dBHL to 120dBHL.
____________ the primary area for hearing --> understanding speech sounds
-250Hz-8,000Hz
_______ is the 20,000Hz end it’s the first one you get to when you enter the ear which means it’s the most succeptable to
Basal end of the cochlea
-We can monitor that __________ and we will start seeing damage at the basal end (20,000) until we know that it will effect their ability to understand speech at like 6,000 or 8,000 and by changing the dosage of the chemotherapy
20,000 to 8,000
A graph used to plot an individual’s hearing thresholds.
Takes into account testing from 125Hz-8000 Hz (generally) and interoctaves.
Can test higher frequencies if warranted.
The Audiogram
-_______ corresponds with hearing level in dB (intensity --> hearing level is based on the number on the dial on the hearing testing equipment (hL)
horizontal lines
-__________are in frequency in Hz-Some aduiograms have lines that fall inbetween  interauctive frequency between 500 and 1000  750Hz that can be tested, between 1000 and 2000  1500Hz, between 2000 and 4000  3000Hz, bewtween 4000 and 8000 6000Hz
Vertical lines
tests the entire auditory system (from EAC to PAC). This includes the OE, ME, IE and beyond.
Air Conduction
by passes the OE and ME and test the integrity of the IE and beyond. This is done by vibrating the skull by way of the mastoid process.
Bone conduction
is a little bone vibrator, vibrator on the headband, we put the vibrator on the back of the persons mastoid process (cochlea is embedded in the temporid bone) it stimulates the bone and inturn you vibrate the cochlea it will be a direct stimulation of the cochlea we are going to by pass outer and middle everything and goes straight to the inner ear, we put it behind the ear on the skull. Test just inner ear and beyond
Bone conduction testing
we will use ear phones to test with
Air conduction pathway
Right ear (AD):
Use a circle (O)
Left ear (AS):
Use an X (X)
Air conduction symbols
Red/Right/Round
-Anything related to the right is in red
-Anything related to the left is in blue
-the higher you are on the chart the better your hearing is
-lower the number the better your hearing is
Air conduction symbols
These reflect the side of the head that the bone oscillator is on at the time of testing. It may or may not reflect the response from that ear.
Right Ear: <
Left Ear: >
Three types of hearing loss
Conductive
-Sensorineural (Sensory or Neural
-Mixed
_________ tells us the type of hearing loss ONLY
bone conduction
A ________ loss is a loss that occurs as the result of a problem in the outer and/or middle ear.
AC scores are abnormal.
BC scores are normal.
conductive hearing loss
conductive hearing loss
The problem is in the outer or middle ear, Air conduction scores are abnormal and bone conduction scores are normal which means the problem is either in the outer or middle ear.
-bone conduction are normal is:
inner
A __________________ is a loss that occurs as a result of a problem in the IE or the auditory nerve.
sensorineural hearing loss
A _______________loss is caused by damage to the OHCs.
cochlear (sensory)
sensorineural hearing loss
-occurs in the inner ear or beyond, both AC and BC are abnormal and there is less than a 10dB of an ABG
-senosery =
-neural =
-cochlea
-auditory nerve
-age related hearing loss
sensory
a chochlear loss is caused by damage to the
outer hair cells
Sensineural Hearing Loss
AC and BC are both abnormal with no ABG present.
That means that AC and BC scores are within 10dB of one another.
means he difference in thresholds between air conduction scores and bone conduction score
air bone gap
if air conduction score is 40 and bone conduction score is 10 the air bone gap is
30
involves the components of both a CHL and a SNHL.
The problem occurs in the OE and/or ME AND the IE or beyond.
AC and BC scores are both abnormal, but there is the presence of a >10dB ABG.
That means that AC and BC scores are separated by at least 10dB
Mixed Hearing Loss
-someone who already has a hearing loss and then has a big wax impaction, when you test by Air Conduction abnormal and Bone Conduction is abnormal except in this case we will have a _________ of greater than 10dB
Air bone gap
Type (CHL, SNHL, mixed)
Extent (mild, mod, mod/sev, sev, pro)
Configuration (sloping, rising, flat..)
Time of onset (prelingual, perilingual, post..)
Time course (sudden, progressive, acute)
Ears involved (unilateral or bilateral)
Hearing Impariments are described by: