Au Biology 210 Exam 2

Front 1

Three things that identify bacteria.

Back 1

1. Cell walls primarily made of peptidoglycan.
2. Plasma membrane similar to eukaryotes.
3. Ribosomes and RNA polymerase that are distinct.

Front 2

Three things that identify archaea

Back 2

1. Cell walls made of polysaccharides.
2. Unique plasma membrane.
3. Ribosomes and RNA polymerase similar to eukaryotes.

Front 3

Bioremediation

Back 3

The use of bacteria and archaea to degrate pollutants.

Front 4

Extremophiles

Back 4

"extreme-lovers" bacteria and archaea that live in extreme conditions such as high-salt, high-temperature, low-temperature or high-pressure.

Front 5

Cyanobacteria

Back 5

First organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis.

Front 6

Sulfate reducers

Back 6

Produce hydrogen-sulfide as a by-product of cellular respiration.

Front 7

Methanogens

Back 7

Produce methane as a by-product of cellular respiration.

Front 8

Three ways bacteria exchange genetic information.

Back 8

1. Conjugation - a copy of a plasmid moves through conjugation tube.
2. Transformation - incorported from the environment.
3. Transduction - virus (phage) carries genes from one cell to the other

Front 9

lytic replication

Back 9

Viral genome enters cell, generates new viral cells and then lyses the host cell.

Front 10

lycogenic replication

Back 10

Viral DNA is incorporated into host chromosome, it is replicated with cell replication and remains quiecent, upon stress switches to lysic replication. Hep and HIV are lycogenic

Front 11

viruses are...

Back 11

obligate intracellular parasites. genetic material with a protein coat or capsid. enveloped or non-enveloped. genome ranges from 3 to 343 (smallpox).

Front 12

Protease Inhibitors

Back 12

Part of compination therapy used to treat HIV. Prevents polypeptide sequences from being cut info functional proteins by protease.

Front 13

Positive-sense, Negative-sense and Ambisense

Back 13

In positive sense viruses the genome contains the same sequence as mRNA. In negative sense it is the complimentary. In ambisense there is portions of both.

Front 14

Malaria Life Cycle Drawing

Back 14

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Front 15

Novelties in Eukaryotes

Back 15

1. Nuclear envelope around DNA.
2. Organelles
3. Chloroplasts and mitochondria
4. cytoskeleton of microtubules
5. linear chromosomes with histones
6. meiosis and mitosis
7. multicellularity

Front 16

Three ways protists move

Back 16

1. Crawling with pseudopodia.
2. Swimming via flagella.
3. Swimming via cillia.

Front 17

Three ways protists eat

Back 17

1. Swollow with pseudopodia.
2. Absorbtion of detritus or other organisms.
3. Photosynthesis.

Front 18

Evidence for Endosymbiosis Theory for Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Back 18

1. About the same size as a bacteriium.
2. Replicate by fission.
3. Ribosomes resemble bacterial ribosomes and are poisoned by antibiotics such as streptomycin
4. They have their own circular chromosomes.
5. DNA evidence shows chloroplasts are related to cyanobacteria and mitochondria are related to alpha-proteobacteria.

Front 19

Euglenozoa

Back 19

Protist with 1 or 2 flaglella, autotrophic or heterotrophic. Most popular is Trypanosome Brucei which causes african sleeping sickness. Transmitted by tsetse fly, replicated asexually in human blood, able to switch surface glycoproteins by mitotic recombination.

Front 20

Alveolata

Back 20

Protists, important group is Ciliates which includes paramecium.

Front 21

Plasmodium

Back 21

Protist in the Apicomplexa phylum. Causes malaria, evolved 10,000 years ago which correspondes to agriculural development, cities with greater density, human migration out of africa and evolution of mosquito vector.

Front 22

Vaccines

Back 22

Primes immune system to respond more quickly and with higher antibody titers on second exposure of the antigen

Front 23

Attenuated Viral Vaccine

Back 23

Active virus but does not cause the disease. Usually cultured on cells from another species, cells loose ability to grow rapidly in normal host. Smallpox (cow pox milk maids), polio, measles

Front 24

Inactivated Viral Vaccine

Back 24

Genes have been damaged by exposure to chemicals or irradiation. Hep A and Flu.

Front 25

Smallpox

Back 25

Only virus completely eliminated by vaccines. Distributed by WHO. 10-15 million cases in 1967, last recorded case in 1978. Virus doesn't mutate or change antigens. viral protein stimulates strong antibody response. only a human disease.

Front 26

Polio Virus

Back 26

Only affects humans, WHO is working on distributing vaccine and educating. can be created from scratch with just nucleotides.

Front 27

NCBI

Back 27

National Center for Biotechnology Information. BLAST compares nucleotide sequence, helps with phylogenies.

Front 28

Hepatitis C

Back 28

Number 1 cause of liver transplatation in US. 1 in 70-100 have virus, transmitted in blood, called silet epidemic. 20-30% develop cirrhosis, 2-5% liver failure

Front 29

Influenza

Back 29

RNA virus like HIV and Hep. Reverse Transcriptase causes very high mutation rate. 2 proteins in envelope N (9 types) and H (16 types).

Front 30

H5N1

Back 30

Bird flu, birds have all types of proteins and are perfect resevior. Wild birds are unaffected and in chickens it's fatal. Humans never exposed, flu epidemics in past occur with exposure to new H antigen. Respiratory in humans, digestive in birds. 1916-1918 pandemic of H1N1 half million died in US 50 million world wide targeted 20-40 year olds.

Front 31

Warning Signs for H5N1

Back 31

1. virulence in humans has decreased.
2. 8 of 10 mutations present in 3. H5N1 that were in H1N1.
4. Virus has spread to wild birds.
5. Antigenic drift

Front 32

Culture Independent Sequencing

Back 32

Called direct sequencing in book, allows for bulk DNA sequencing without growing organism. you extract DNA, PCR it, sequence it, then compare it to BLAST.

Front 33

Stromatolites

Back 33

Mats of cyanobacteria

Front 34

Ecological Roles for Bacteria

Back 34

Nitrogen Fixation, Decomposers, primary producers (cyanobacteria), human uses

Front 35

Normal Flora

Back 35

10 times more bacterial cells than human cells in body
1. outcompete pathogenic bacteria
2. provide vitamin K
3. digest soluble fiber
4. stimulate normal development of intestinal lining and immune system.

Front 36

Clostridium Botulinum

Back 36

tetanus, gang green, lockjaw
1. anaerobe
2. produces spores
3. produces neurotoxin that paralyses muscles
4. originates from ingesting toxin

Front 37

Bacillus Thurogensis

Back 37

BT, makes a protein that is toxic to larve of moths, low toxicity to humans degrades rapidly, BT protein gene is most common gene added to genetically modified food, decreases pesticides.

Front 38

Avoparcin

Back 38

Used to treat livestock, bacteria developes resistance and moves through food chain to humans. Banned in Holland.

Front 39

Vancomycin

Back 39

Antibiotic of last resort.