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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the (inferior/superior) _______ cortex may be particularly involved in spatial selective attention. a lesion here may result in _________.
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inferior parietal cortex; hemineglect
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the _______ cortex may be particularly important in response selection, sustained attention, control, switching and searching
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frontal cortex
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this area of the frontal region may be particularly involved in response initiation and inhibition
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orbital frontal region
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the ____ aspect of the frontal lobe (specifically, the para____ _______ cortex) may be particularly involved in intention to respond, consistency of responding, focused attention
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medial frontal lobe; paralimbic cingulate cortex
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the _________ frontal cortex may be particularly involved in sequencing, persistence, switching, and focus
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dorsolateral frontal cortex
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the _____ _______ helps to establish the salience/priority of incoming stimuli
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limbic system
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subcortically, sensory input is relayed through the _______; the ______ ________ helps to select motor responses and to select/coordinate _______ information
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thalamus, caudate nucleus, sensory
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the ______ system regulates arousal and activation
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midbrain (reticular activing system)
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inferiorly and posteriorly, the _______ may also be implicated in attentional disorders
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cerebellum
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name the 3 factors in Pibram & McGuinness's model of attention:
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arousal, activation, effort
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Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation involves the ______
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ARAS-- ascending reticular activation system
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Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation has (specific/global) influence on attention, (with/without) selectivity for particular sensory & cognitive domains.
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global, without
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Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation involves arousal and the passage of ____ information through the _____ to the cortex.
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sensory, thalamus
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Mesulam's "bottom up" model of attention modulation includes the r____________ (10 syllables) pathway
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reticulothalamocortical; recall that this pathway involves the reticular formation, thalamus, and cortex
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Mesulam's "top down" model of attention modulation involves the _____ lobe, _____ system, and the _____ cortex (in which a lesion can lead to hemi-preference)
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parietal, limbic, prefrontal
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Mesulam's "top down" model of attention modulation includes regulation of our experiences of m______ (esp. the limbic system), s______, v____, and c_____
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motivation, significance, volition, context
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the ________ cortex and the posterior ______ cortex are involved in nearly all attentional tasks regardless of type
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prefrontal, posterior parietal
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involved with "bottom up" and "top down" regulation of attention, there are systems that modulate attention by ____ or _____, e.g. processing of sounds, colors, tactile stimuli, faces, memories etc.
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domain, modality
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in Posner & Peterson's model of attention, the 3 major functions are _____ing to stimuli (involutary), ______ing signals for focal processing (vol.), and maintaining a ______/______ state
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orienting, detecting, vigilant/alert
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in Posner & Peterson's model of attention, the posterior attention system involves _____ing and awareness of the environment. the dorsal ____ pathway and primary cortical connections to the _____ lobe are involved.
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orienting, visual, parietal
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in Posner & Peterson's model of attention, the anterior attention system involves _____ detection, and regions including the anterior ______ gyrus and the supplementary _____ cortex.
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signal, cingulate, motor
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engaging with stimuli involves the _____ of the thalamus
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pulvinar
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disengaging with stimuli involves the posterior ___ region of the cortex
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parietal
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shifting the focus of one's attention involves the superior c________
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colliculus
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Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The first factor involves ______, or the ability to concentrate attn. resources & screen out distractors. this ability is thought to involve the superior ____ and inferior _____ cortices.
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focus, temporal, parietal
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Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The second factor involves ______ing, or staying on task with vigilance, maintaining attn. over time. this involves the rostral _______.
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midbrain
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Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The third factor involves ______ing, or changing focus b/w aspects of a stimulus flexibly. this involves the _______ cortex and ______association areas
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shifting, prefrontal cortex, frontal association areas
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Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The fourth factor involves ______ing, or holding info in mind briefly while performing a mental operation on it (like the common defintion of working memory). this function was held by Mirksy to involve the _______ and the a_______.
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encoding, hippocampus, amygdala
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Mirsky's model of attention: factor analysis of NP data yielded five factors. The fifth factor involves _______,the quality of maintaining reliable attentional effort. this involves the midline _______ and _________ structures.
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thalamic, brainstem
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maintaining mental set in the face of distractors describes _____ attention, while processing two+ sets of info. at once refers to ______ attention
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selective attention, divided attention
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Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 1st of 4 factors is "sensory selective attention". this involves selecting sensory input for additional _______ and ______ing.
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focus and processing
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Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 2nd of 4 factors is "attentional capacity and focus". this refers to _____ed attention and is influenced by _______ factors and _______ factors
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focused; "energetic factors" such as arousal, motivation and effort; "structural facotrs" e.g. memory, proc. speed, cog. ability
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Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 3rd of 4 factors involves _______ attention which is variable within each person and is depends on task duration, reinforcement, and target:distractor ratio.
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sustained
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Cohen Malloy & Jenkins' model of attention: 4th of 4 factors is ________ selection and c______. this process facilitates action, is controlled and effortful, and is strongly associated with a number of _______ f________s
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response control; executive functions
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two methodological issues in assessing attention are the fact that attention is not u_______, and the fact that many tests load on _______ d______s. attentional capacity is usually assessed by comparing performance across tasks that load on different _____ functions.
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unitary; multiple (or different) domains; cognitive
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many test factors should be considered when examining attention. for example, what are the s_____ characteristics of the task? energy may be influenced by t____ factors. in terms of motivation, consider the task's r______e or its r_____ value.
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spatial characteristics; temporal factors; relevance or reward value
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other relevant test factors in assessing attention included the degree to which it draws on _____, _____ functioning, and ________ speed.
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memory, executive functioning, processing speed
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individual factors that may influence attention assessment include level of e______, e____, m______, and general c_____ ability, as well as the person's m_____ state
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energy, effort, motivation, cognitive ability, mood state
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anterior lesions/dysfunction may affect g_____- d_______ activity, while posterior lesions/dysfunction may affect a______ of the e________.
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goal-directedness; awareness of the environment
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impairment in attention ranks as the (_nd/__rd) most common form of cognitive impairment.
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this was phrased in a misleading way. it is THE most common.
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disorders of attention may be due to many factors. they may be due to factors that are f_____/g____ , m______, or e______, among others.
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familial/genetic, metabolic, environmental
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1st degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia are disproportionately found to have deficits in _______ _______.
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sustained attention
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Mirsky found that (visual/auditory) CPTs are more sensitive than (auditory/visual) CPTs in assessing dysfunction in individuals with sz, absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
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auditory CPTs more sensitive than visual CPTs
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metabolic disorders that affect attention include u_____ from end-stage ______ failure
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uremia, kidney
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Metabolic d/o's and attention: early treated P___ may lead a pt. to receive an ADHD dx due to problems in attn., impulsivity, distractibility, and impersistence.
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PKU
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environmental factors that may negatively affect attentional capacity include lack of early _____; poverty-associated ______; exposure to ____; prenatal exposure to _____, and/or pregnancy/birth complications
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intellectual stimulation; malnutrition; lead; alcohol
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In addition to TBI, tumors, and infections, disorders of s______ and b_____ may negatively affect attentional capacity. S_____ a_____ may lead to poor attention/concentration in adults, and ________ in children. Cognitive difficulties may result not only from daytime s________, but also from h________.
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sleep, breathing, hyperactivity, sleepiness, hypoxemia
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One form of attentional disorder is the acute c________ state. This involves an abrupt change in ______ status.
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confusional; mental
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Acute confusional states may be caused by t______ or m________ disorders, environmental stressors, or m_____ brain disease, e.g. meningitis, encephalitis.
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toxic, metabolic, multifocal
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TBI in the acute phase involves 3 primary features. The first is disturbance of v_________ and w_______ m___________, as well as distractibility.
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vigilance, working memory
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The second feature in the acute phase of TBI is the inability to maintain a _____ of ________.
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stream of thought
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The third feature in the acute phase of TBI is the inability to carry out _____-_________ m___________.
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goal-directed movement
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Numerous factors may complicate assessment with pts who have had a severe TBI. This include not only inattention with poor m______ c____, c______, and v_______, but also distractibility and possible disorientation.
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mental control, concentration, vigilance
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Other cognitive problems that may complicate assessment in TBI include loss of m_____, the possible presence of h________, and abnormal ________ levels.
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memory (motivation could also be appropriate here), hallucinations, arousal
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N_______ syndromes are disorders of s______ attention which generally result from inferior or posterior _______ cortex lesions.
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Neglect, spatial, parietal
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Two components of spatial attention are ______-_____, or using visual-spatial information to facilitate body movements, and ________. The latter involves mental representation, planning strategies, and willfully shifting from a target.
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sensory-motor, cognitive
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In what domain(s) do/does may the neglect phenomenon occur?
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often visual, but can also involve auditory, somatosensory, or olfactory stimuli.
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Barkley has defined ADD/ADHD as a disorder of ______ _______, behavioral _______, and e_______ ____________.
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sustained attention, inhibition, executive functions
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ADD/ADHD is largely a ______ diagnosis. While measures are generally _______, they are not as ______ as would be ideal. ADD/ADHD measures discriminate pts. from _____ more successfully than from individuals with other _______, such as learning disorders.
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behavioral, sensitive, specific, "normals", diagnoses
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Regions that have been implicated in ADD/ADHD include fronto-_________ pathways and the cerebellum. Compromise in the integrity of the _____ _____ lobe may additionally be present in inattentive ADD.
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subcortical, right parietal
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