Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Who offered the explanation of the Operant conditioning method to attachment?
|
Dollard and Miller
|
Learning Theory
|
|
|
What year did Dollard and Miller offer their explanation to attachment with operant conditioning?
|
1950
|
Learning Theory
|
|
|
Who observed 60 babies from working class families in Glasgow and found infants were most attached to the person most responsive to them?
|
Shaffer and Emerson
|
Learning Theory / Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
What did Shaffer and Emerson (1964) find?
|
That babies were more attached to the person who were most responsive to them rather than the person who fed them.
|
Learning Theory / Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
When did Shaffer and Emerson observe 60 babies in working class Glasgow?
|
1964
|
Learning Theory / Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
When did Harlow saw that infant monkeys spent most time with the comfy monkey dull rather than the food providing monkey dull in their cage?
|
1959
|
Learning Theory
|
|
|
What did Harlow's "the origins of love" study in 1959 found?
|
That monkeys spent more time with the comfy dull rather then the food providing dull, suggesting they were more attached to it.
|
Learning Theory
|
|
|
What did Shaffer and Emerson do in 1964?
|
Observed 60 babies from working class families in Glasgow.
|
Learning Theory / Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
What did Pavlov do?
|
Observe the salivation of dogs while feeding, and saw that after a while they started salivating when they heard the door open, before actually being presented the food, because they learned to associate the door with the food.
|
Learning Theory
|
|
|
When did Bowlby fully published his theory?
|
1969
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
Where and why did Tronick et al. (1992) did his study?
|
An African tribe, the Efe, from Zaire. Because they live in extended family groups, and infants get breastfed by many woman, but slept with their mother at night, unlike western society.
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
What did Tronick et al. (1992) find?
|
That at 6 months, infants still had one primary attachment to their mother.
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
Who studied an African tribe named Efe, fron Zaire, about their extended family groups and nurturing style, and found that even though infants were breastfed by many woman they still had only one primary attachment to their mother?
|
Tronick et al.
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
When did Tronick et al. studied an African tribe named Efe, fron Zaire, about their extended family groups and nurturing style, and found that even though infants were breastfed by many woman they still had only one primary attachment to their mother?
|
1992
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
What study followed participants from infancy to late adolescence and found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour = securely attached went on to be more popular and socially competent than the less securely attached.
|
The Minnesota Longitudinal study
|
Bowlby's Theory / Day care
|
|
|
Who conducted the Minnesota Longitudinal study?
|
Sroufe et al.
|
Bowlby's Theory / Day care
|
|
|
What year did Sroufe et al. saw continuity between the securely attached children and their social achievement later in life in the Minnesota Longitudinal study?
|
2005
|
Bowlby's Theory / Day care
|
|
|
What did the Minnesota Longitudinal study do and find?
|
followed participants from infancy to late adolescence and found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviours. Securely attached infants grew to be socially competent.
|
Bowlby's Theory / Day care
|
|
|
Who proposed the multiple attachment model when instead of one primary attachment all attachments work into one working model?
|
Rutter
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
When did Rutter proposed the multiple attachment model?
|
1995
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
What did Rutter (1995) say?
|
That instead of having a attachment hierarchy, there is no primary attachment and all attachments work into the one working model.
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
Who researched the temperament hypothesis?
|
Thomas and Chess
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
What temperaments did Thomas and Chess find?
|
easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
When did Thomas and Chess researched the temperament hypothesis?
|
1986
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
What is the temperament hypothesis?
|
That instead of making a model of future attachment, infants are born with a certain personality.
|
Bowlby's Theory
|
|
|
When did Ainsworth make the three types of attachment, from the combination of data from 106 infants in the Strange Situation?
|
1978
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Ainsworth concluded in 1978 from her Strange Situation data?
|
Three types of attachment: secure attachment, Insecure-Avoidant attachment, and Insecure-Resistant attachment.
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Prior and Glaser Say in 2006?
|
That secure attachment in later childhood leads to positive outcomes such as interpersonal harmony. That Avoidant attachment is related to aggressiveness and negative effect, Resistant associated with anxiety and withdrawn behaviour, and Disorganised linked to hostile and aggressive behaviour.
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
When did Prior and Glaser gave their summary of effects of attachment in later childhood?
|
2006
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
Who, in 2006, gave a summary of the effects of types of attachment on later childhood?
(That secure attachment in later childhood leads to positive outcomes such as interpersonal harmony. That Avoidant attachment is related to aggressiveness and negative effect, Resistant associated with anxiety and withdrawn behaviour, and Disorganised linked to hostile and aggressive behaviour. ) |
Prior and Glaser
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Hazan and Shaver (1987) find about current love experiences link with attachment?
|
Secure = relationships are positive.
Avoidant = Fearful of closeness. Resistant = Preoccupied by love. |
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Hazan and Shaver (1987) find about attitudes toward love due to early attachment?
|
Secure = Trust others and believe in enduring love.
Avoidant = Love is not lasting nor necessary for happiness. Resistant = Fall in love easily but have trouble finding "true" love. |
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
When did Hazan and Shaver did the "Love Quiz" in a newspaper?
|
1987
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
Who did a research into the effects of early attachment on adult love relationships?
|
Hazan and Shaver
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
When did Ainsworth et al. developed the Maternal Sensitivity Scale?
|
1978
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
Who developed the Maternal Sensitivity Scale in 1978?
|
Ainsworth et al.
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
Who thought that maternal reflective functioning - the ability to understand each other - was more important than sensitivity in making secure attachment?
|
Slade et al.
|
Evaluating Types of Attachment
|
|
|
Who questioned the validity of Ainsworth's Strange Situation, and said that children behave different with different each parent, therefore this actually measures their relationship with that parent and not their attachment type individual. Since it cannot be known which parent is the primary attachment?
|
Main and Weston.
|
Evaluating Types of Attachment
|
|
|
When did Main and Weston questioned the validity of Ainsworth's Strange Situation, and said that children behave different with different each parent, therefore this actually measures their relationship with that parent and not their attachment type individual. Since it cannot be known which parent is the primary attachment?
|
1981
|
Evaluating Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What is the ethic problem with Ainsworth's Strange situation?
|
Protection from psychological harm. It distresses the children.
|
Evaluating Types of Attachment
|
|
|
How is the Strange situation has been assessed for reliability?
|
Inter-rater reliability.
|
Evaluating Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Ainsworth et al. found in the inter-rater reliability assessment in 1978?
|
94% agreement between raters.
|
Evaluating Types of Attachment
|
|
|
When did Ainsworth et al. found 94% agreement between raters in the inter-rater reliability assessment?
|
1978
|
Evaluating Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Ainsworth et al. (1978) found about mothers of securely attached infants?
|
They were more sensitive, accepting, cooperative and accessible.
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Ainsworth et al. (1978) found about mothers of insecurely attached infants?
|
They were more unresponsive when crying and less affectionate.
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Ainsworth et al. (1978) found about mothers of Avoidant attached infants?
|
They were more rejecting, paid less attention to infants when entering the room.
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Ainsworth et al. (1978) found about mothers of Resistant attached infants?
|
They tended to be occupied with routine activities when holding the infant.
|
Types of Attachment
|
|
|
What did Ainsworth find in her studies in the UK, Uganda and America? (Uganda study, 1967)?
|
She found that they all used their mothers as secure base and sensitive mothers had securely attached infants.
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Ainsworth do her Uganda study?
|
1967
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who found that in the UK, Uganda and America all infants use their mothers as secure base and that sensitive mothers have securely attached infants in 1967.
|
Ainsworth
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Fox conduct his study in Israeli Kibbutzim?
|
1977
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
What did Fox find in 1977?
|
He studied Isreali Kibutzim and found that the attachment between the metapelet and infant was very similar to the mother-infant attachment, except for the reunion behaviour where the mother was shown to still be the primary attachment.
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who conducted a study in Isreali Kibutzim and found that the metapelet-infant relationship was very similar to the mother-infant relationship except for the reunion behaviour that showed that the mother was still the primary attachment?
|
Fox
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who found that in Germany infants were wrongly classified as insecurely attached due to the difference in childbearing?
|
Grossmann and Grossmann
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Grossmann and Grossmann found that in Germany infants were wrongly classified as insecurely attached due to the difference in childbearing?
|
1991
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
What did Grossmann and Grossmann found in 1991?
|
That many infants in Germany were wrongly classified as insecurely attached due to the difference in childbearing between America and Germany = In Germany they keep more distance from children so the infants do not seek proximity in the same way and therefore are seen as insecurely attached.
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who found, in 1990, similar rates of secure attachment to Ainsworth (In USA) in Japan, but higher rates of resistant because children were not used to being away from their mothers and were extremely distressed when left alone due to the way they are brought up, make them seem as insecurely attached even when they are not.?
|
Takahashi
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
What did Takahashi found in 1990?
|
He found similar rates of secure attachment to Ainsworth (In USA) in Japan, but higher rates of resistant because children were not used to being away from their mothers and were extremely distressed when left alone due to the way they are brought up, make them seem as insecurely attached even when they are not.
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Takahashi found similar rates of secure attachment to Ainsworth (In USA) in Japan, but higher rates of resistant because children were not used to being away from their mothers and were extremely distressed when left alone due to the way they are brought up, make them seem as insecurely attached even when they are not.?
|
1990
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who did a meta analysis into cultural variations in attachment?
|
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg did their meta analysis of 32 studies of attachment?
|
1988
|
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) find in their meta-analysis on the findings of 32 studies?
|
They found that the differences between cultures(countries) was very small, with secure attachment being most common in every country, even though in the West the second was Avoident and the East it was Resistant.
They found that the differences within cultures was 1.5 times bigger. |
Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who talked about the fact that all research into cultural variation was not relevant because we were forcing our western cultural bias on eastern countries?
|
Rothbaum et al.
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Rothbaum et al, said that all research into cultural variation was not relevant because we were forcing our western cultural bias on eastern countries?
|
2000
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
What did Rothbaum et al. (2000) say?
|
That attachment theory and research is not relevant to other cultures because it based in American culture. For example that the sensitivity hypothesis does not work because sensitivity has the opposite objective in Japan to America = in America it promotes independence while in Japan it promotes dependence. So even though some infants might seem like they have insecure attachment in American standards, they are actually securely attached in Japan because of their culture, and it is impossible to try and force American-based theories onto cultures that are so different.
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who said that there is actually a lot of evidence to support the universality of attachment, and that the issue is not whether sensitivity leads to independence or dependence, but weather it is linked to secure attachment - whichever form there is in that culture.
|
Posada and Jacobs
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Pasada and Jacobs said that there is actually a lot of evidence to support the universality of attachment, and that the issue is not whether sensitivity leads to independence or dependence, but weather it is linked to secure attachment - whichever form there is in that culture.
|
2001
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
What did Posada and Jacobs say about universality of attachment in 2001?
|
They said that there is a lot of evidence to support universality of attachment from many different places: from China, Columbia, Germany, Israel, Japan and Norway, each with it's own culture, and that the problem wasn't what sensitivity actually led to, but the link of sensitivity with what is secure attachment in the culture.
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
Who said that an explanation to cross-cultural similarities in attachment could be a result of mass media?
|
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg noticed in 1988?
|
That many of the cross-cultural similarities in attachment could be due to the fact that in the places where the studies where conducted mothers were exposed to the mass media which promoted western childbearing practices.
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg say that mass media is what makes the similarities between cultures in attachment?
|
1988
|
Evaluating Research into Cultural Variation
|
|
|
When did Robertson filmed Laura in her 8 days in hospital?
|
1952
|
Disruption
|
|
|
What was Laura's case of disruption of attachment that was cased by Robertson in 1952?
|
She had 8 days in the hospital.
-Mediating variables: Parents visited occasionally. -Short term effects: She went through period of calm and distress, struggling to control her feelings and homesick (asking her parents to go home when they visited.) |
Disruption
|
|
|
Who did Robertson looked at in 1952?
|
Laura
|
Disruption
|
|
|
When did Robertson and Robertson look at John in a residential nursery?
|
1969
|
Disruption
|
|
|
Who did Robertson and Robertson look at in 1969?
|
John
|
Disruption
|
|
|
What was John's case of disruption of attachment that was done by Robertson and Robertson in 1969?
|
Nine days stay in a residential nursery, under 3.
-Mediating variables: His father visited regularly, but nurses change shifts so there is no constant care. -Short term effects: look for attention of the nurses, seeks comfort from his teddy-bear -> Breaks down and doesn't eat, stops playing, cries a lot, stops to be excited about his father's visits. -Long term effects: John rejects mother in reunion, and still has anger outbursts towards her. |
Disruption
|
|
|
Who were the foster parents and psychologists that looked at Jane, Lucy, Thomas and Kate?
|
Robertson and Robertson.
|
Disruption
|
|
|
When did Robertson and Robertson study Jane, Lucy, Thomas and Kate?
|
1967-1973
|
Disruption
|
|
|
What was the case in the disruption of attachment of Jane, Lucy, Thomas and Kate by Robertson and Robertson in 1967-73?
|
All under 3, in foster care of the Robertson for a few weeks.
-Mediating variables: High level of emotional care, routines similar to at home, father visits regularly, Kate went to visit her mother in hospital. -Short term effects: Adjust well, a little distress, Thomas rejected cuddles, but all slept well. -Long term effects: Happy to see mother in reunion, reluctant to part with foster mother. |
Disruption
|
|
|
(((When did Skeels and Dye let orphans go to home for mentally retarded adults and saw that they IQ went up?)))
|
1939
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
(((What did Skeels and Dye do In 1939?)))
|
Tested orphans IQ and then sent some of them to a home for the mentally retarded adults and when they tested their IQ again they found it increased.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
Who saw that the IQ of orphans increased after they had the emotional care in a home for mentally retarded adults?
|
Skeels and Dye
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
When did Skeels and Dye retested their first experiment and added a control group to compare?
|
1949
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
What did Skeels and Dye to in 1949?
|
Tested IQ of orphans and sent a group to a home for mentally retarded while a control group stayed in the orphanage. Tested it again 1.5 years later.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
What did Skeels and Dye find in 1949?
|
1.5 years after original test. The IQ of the Control group orphans had fallen on average from 87 to 61 (26) points while the IQ of the group in the mentally retarded home had risen on average from 64 to 92 (28) points.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
When did Bohman and Sigvardsson studied over 600 adopted children in Sweden?
|
1979
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
Who studied over 600 adopted children in Sweden?
|
Bohman and Sigvardsson
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
What did Bohman and Sigvardsson do in 1979?
|
Studied over 600 adopted children and Sweden.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
What did Bohman and Sigvardsson find in 1979 and their follow-up-study?
|
At the age of 11: 26% were classified as 'problem children'. 10 years later none of them were any worse off than the rest of the population.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
When did Bifulco et al. look at 249 women who lost their mothers before the age of 17?
|
1992
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
Who looked at 249 women who lost their mothers before the age of 17?
|
Bifulco et al.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
What did Bifulco et al. do in 1992?
|
Studied 249 women who had lost their mothers before they were 17 and the role of disruption as "triggers" or vulnerability.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
What did Bifulco et al. find in 1992?
|
That this group of women were twice as likely to suffer from depressive or anxiety disorders as adults.
|
Evaluating Disruption
|
|
|
What did Hodges and Tizard do in 1989?
|
Followed a group of 65 British Children who had been placed in an institution (where they could not form attachment) before they were 4 months old, to adulthood.
The children were assessed regularly up to 16 years old. |
Privation
|
|
|
What did Hodges and Tizard find in 1989?
|
Ex-institutional children who went back to their families had problems forming attachment with their mothers. Ex-institutional children who were adopted were attached the same as the control group (normal).
All children were likely to have less friends and less chance to be liked. Were more likely to be bullies and sought more attention from adults (Disinhibited attachment) |
Privation
|
|
|
What is Disinhibited attachment?
|
A type of Disorganised attachment where children do not see difference between people they are attached too. Treat near-strangers with over-friendliness and may be attention seeking.
|
Attachment / Privation
|
|
|
When did Hodges and Tizard look at 65 British Institutional Children?
|
1989
|
Privation
|
|
|
Who looked at 65 British Children who lived their early life in an institution in 1989?
|
Hodges and Tizard
|
Privation
|
|
|
What did Rutter et al. do in 2007?
|
Assessed 100 Romanian orphans (from Romanian orphanages that cause privation) at 4,6, and 11 years old who were adopted by British families either before or after 6 months of age.
|
Privation
|
|
|
What did Rutter et al. find in 2007?
|
That the orphans that were adopted before they were 6 months old had the same emotional development as UK children who were adopted at the same age. However orphans adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment and had trouble with peers.
|
Privation
|
|
|
When did Rutter et al. look at 100 Romanian orphans?
|
2007
|
Privation
|
|
|
Who studied 100 Romanian orphans in 2007?
|
Rutter et al.
|
Privation
|
|
|
What was Genie's situation?
|
She was tied to a potty chair in a room on her own until she was 13.5. Beaten by her father whenever she made noise.
|
Privation
|
|
|
What was found about Genie after she was found?
|
She couldn't talk to stand straight or walk properly. Even after she was taught she could still only talk with 3 word sentenced and had no concept of grammar. She was uninterested in people.
|
Privation
|
|
|
What does Genie's case show?
|
That extreme privation of attachment can cause mental disabilities.
|
Privation
|
|
|
Who explained the fact that children in Institutes are normally physically small?
|
Gardner (1972)
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
When did Gardner provide his evidence for deprivation dwarfism?
|
1972
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What did Gardner give as an example of privation's effect physically in 1972?
|
A case study of a girl who had to be fed from a tube, and her mother was so afraid to dislodge it she didn't cuddle her. -> when she was 8 months old she went to hospital and thrived at the attention. She went back to normal with no change in her diet.
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
Who said Privation is only one factor?
|
Turner and Lloyd.
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
When did Turner and Lloyd conduct their research and showed that privation is not the only factor that determines disinhibited attachment?
|
1995
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What did Turner and Lloyd give as evidence to their point that privation is only one factor in 1995?
|
Not all children developed disinhibited attachment after privation: in Romania a third of the children recovered well.
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
Deprivation dwarfism link?
|
Emotional disturbance might affect the production of hormones such as growth hormones, so emotional privation might cause physical problems.
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
Privation is only one factor link?
|
It is most likely damage is caused not only from privation but it is a sequence of factors that cause it.
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
When did Tizard comment about the long term effects of privation?
|
2005
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
Who commented about the problems of not knowing the long-term effects of privation in 2005?
|
Tizard
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What did Tizard say in 2005 about long term effects of privation?
|
That it is not possible to re-contact large groups of children to find out the long-term-effects such in Hodges and Tizard's study.
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
Long-term effects link?
|
It may be that ex-institutional children need more time to learn how to deal with relationships, or that they can recover if they are cared for in the right way.
|
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What are the possible effects of privation?
|
-Disinhibited attachment.
-Intellectual under functioning. -Poor parenting. -Mental disorder -Physical underdevelopment -Little long-term effect. |
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What is the source for Disinhibited attachment as a result of privation?
|
Rutter et al.
Hodges and Tizard |
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What is the source for Intellectual under functioning as a result of privation?
|
Genie.
Skeels and Dye |
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What is the source for Poor parenting as a result of privation?
|
Harlow.
Quinton et al. |
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What is the source for Mental disorder as a result of privation?
|
Spitz and Wolf.
Bifulco et al. |
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What is the source for Physical underdevelopment as a result of privation?
|
Genie.
Gardner. |
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
What is the source for having little long term effect as a result of privation?
|
Czech twins.
Bowlby et al. Rutter et al. |
Evaluation of Privation
|
|
|
How many pre-cents of women in the UK with children under 1 year of age go to work? (Gregg et al. 2005)
|
70%
|
Impact of Day care
|
|
|
Who found that 70% of women with children under the age of one year go out to work in 2005 In the UK?
|
Gregg et al.
|
Impact of Day care
|
|
|
When did Gregg et al. found that 70% of women with children under 1 year of age go out to work in the UK?
|
2005
|
Impact of Day care
|
|
|
What two longitudinal studies were done towards the impact of day care on aggression?
|
The NICHD study and the EPPE study.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What does NICHD stand for?
|
The National Institution of Child Health and Human Development longitudinal study.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
When did the NICHD study start?
|
1991
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
When is the NICHD study carried?
|
America
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
Who did the NICHD study look at?
|
Over 1,000 children from diverse families and 10 different locations.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did the NICHD study do?
|
Assessed children and their pedants in regular intervals in order to establish the effects of various experiences on development.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did the NICHD study reported in 2003?
|
That at age 5, the data showed that more time spent in day care, no matter the kind or quality, the more adults rated them as assertive, disobedient and aggressive.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What relationship did NICHD found between children in full-time day care and children who are cared for at home?
|
Children in full-time day care were close to three times more likely to show problematic/aggressive behaviour than the children at home with their mothers.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did Belsky et al. do in 2007?
|
He looked at the same children from the NICHD study at the end of their primary education.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did Belsky et al. found in 2007 from the children of the NICHD study at the end of their primary school?
|
They found that there was still a link between day-care experience and aggression.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What does EPPE project stand for?
|
Effective Provision of Pre-School Education project.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
Who did the EPPE project in 2003?
|
Sylva et al.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
When did Sylva et al. publish the EPPE project?
|
2003.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did EPPE project do? (Sylva et al. 2003)
|
It studied 3,000 children's development between the ages of 3 and 7. They looked at their background of the children, such as home environment and experience of day care. They had a range of day-cares: local authority day nurseries, private day nurseries and nursery schools. They had a group of 'home' children and compared them to the day-care children.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did the EPPE project found? (Sylva et al. 2003)
|
Found that children who spent more years in day care (from starting year to primary school starting year) were described by teachers as having anti-social behaviour, disobedience and aggression compared to other children in the study (e.g. 'home'). They also found that the quality mattered: better quality = less signs, even though it doesn't eliminate problems, and that most children who showed those signs started before the age of 2.
|
Impact of Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did Clarke-Stewart and associates do and find in 1994?
|
They studied 150 children and found that those in day care were more advanced socially than children who stayed at home with their mothers. They were more advanced in things such as independence, and social interactions with peers.
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
What did the EPPE project found about peer relations?
|
Found increased independence and sociability in children who had attended day care.
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
What did the Minnesota longitudinal study found to do with peer relations VS day care in 2005? (Sroufe et al.)
|
They found a continuity between early attachment and later emotional and social behaviour: securely attached infants grow to be more popular. - Children in Day cares are less likely to be securely attached.
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
What did Belsky and Rovine (1988) do?
|
They assessed attachment using the strange situation in infants who had been receiving 20 hours or more of day care per week before they were one year old.
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
What did Belsky and Rovine found in 1988?
|
That children who spend 20 or more hours in day care each week before they were one year old were more likely to be insecurely attached compared with children at home.
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
What did Field find out in 1991 when testing the idea that when children are exposed to each other it gives them time to develop social strategies?
|
He found that the amount of time spent in full-time day care was positively correlated to the number of friends children had once they went to school.
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
Who found that the amount of time spent in full-time day care was positively correlated to the number of friends children had once they went to school in 1991?
|
Field
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
When did Field found that the amount of time spent in full-time day care was positively correlated to the number of friends children had once they went to school?
|
1991
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
What did Creps and Vernon-Feagans (1999) found?
|
They found that children who started day care before the age of six months were actually more sociable than those who started later.
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
Who found that children who started day care before the age of six months were actually more sociable than those who started later in 1999?
|
Creps and Vernon-Feagans
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
When did Creps and Vernon-Feagans found that children who started day care before the age of six months were actually more sociable than those who started later?
|
1999
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
When did Clarke-Stewart and associates studied 150 children and found that those in day-care were more advanced in social development?
|
1994
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
Who studied 150 children and found that those in day-care were more advanced in social development in 1994?
|
Clarke-Stewart and associates
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
Who assessed attachment in infants that were in day care for at least 20 hours per week before they were 1 year old and found they were normally insecurely attached in 1988?
|
Belsky and Rovine
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
When did Belsky and Rovine assessed attachment in infants that were in day care for at least 20 hours per week before they were 1 year old and found they were normally insecurely attached?
|
1988
|
Impact of Day care : Peer Relations
|
|
|
Who studied swedish first-borns and concluded that childcare arrangement were not associated with aggression in 1995?
|
Prodromidis et al.
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
When did Prodromidis et al. study Swedish first-borns and concluded that there was no connection between childcare and aggression?
|
1995
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did Prodromidis et al. do and find in 1995?
|
They studied Swedish first-borns and concluded that there was no connection between childcare and aggression.
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did Friedman do in 2006?
|
She reinterpreted the NICHD study: she was an NICHD worker and stated the results differently.
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did Friedman found and concluded in 2006 from the data of the NICHD study?
|
She said that the study found 83% of children who spend 10 - 30 hours in day care did NOT show higher levels of aggression. She claims that the study results so far actually tell us very little.
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
When did Friedman stated that 83% of the children who spend 10 - 30 hours in day care actually did not show higher signs of aggression and claimed that the study tells us little?
|
2006
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
Who claimed that the NICHD study showed us very little because the results actually show that 83 % of the children who spend 10 - 30 hours in day care did not show higher signs of aggression in 2006?
|
An NICHD worker, Friedman.
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
When was the NICHD first report published?
|
2003
|
Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What other conclusion did the NICHD study found but was not popular?
|
That it was actually maternal sensitivity and maternal education or higher income (factors at home) that were more important and determining Aggression.
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What did Dingfelder (2004) say about the NICHD study?
|
That the results are meaningless because they were not able to prove day-care causes aggression (No causal relationship), and that the results would only have meaning if people knew what actually increased aggression.
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
When did Dingfelder say that the NICHD results are useless because there is no causal relationship and we don't actually know the process to increase aggression?
|
2004
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
Who said that the NICHD results were meaningless because they didn't show a causal relationship and people don't know the process that increases aggression in 2004?
|
Dingfelder
|
Evaluating Day care : Aggression
|
|
|
What is one problem with peer-relations study links?
|
No causal relationship - it might be something else, like that fact that shy kids don't go because their mothers are shy, so we can see the difference not because actual effect of day care.
|
Evaluating Day care : Peer-relations + day care
|
|
|
What is another problem with peer-relations studies? (Methodological limitations)
|
That all studies are correlational - not causal.
|
Evaluating Day care : Peer-relations + day care
|
|
|
What is an important point to remember about day care research?
|
That there are many other (mediating) factors that effect the development of a child, like attachment to pedants or pay grade, and they cannot be ignored.
|
Evaluating Day care : Peer-relations + day care
|
|
|
What are all the mediating factors that need to be considered in day-care research?
|
Quality of care.
Lack of commitment and interest of carer. Individual differences. Child's age and number of house. Applications. |
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
What are key research in the quality of care mediating factor?
|
Robertsons' research with foster home.
the NICHD study. |
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
What are the key research into the lack of commitment and interest as a mediating factor?
|
Bryant et al. (1980)
Howes and Hamilton (1992) |
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
What are the key research into Individual differences as a mediating factor?
|
Egeland and Heister (1995) VS NICHD study
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
What are the key research into Child's age and number of hours as a mediating factor?
|
Gregg et al. (2005) (as well as lack of commitment and interest)
Clarke-Stewart et al. (1994) Scarr and Thompson (1994); Adresson (1992) |
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
What is the applications of research into day care?
|
That it resulted in better quality day-cares and an appropriate age when starting day-care...
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Quality of care
|
Day-care might be harmful because it is disruption, and Robertsosns showed that with a good emotional care there were no effects of disruption: the NICHD study (1997) showed that low quality day care was associated with poor social development = when staff-child ratio is poor / turnover of staff is high = no actually secondary attachment figures.
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Lack of commitment and interest
|
Parent might provide better care because they are more committed to their child's attention and well being = more emotional care.
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
What did Bryant et al. found in 1980?
|
Found that some children in a childminding setting were actually disturbed. He suggested that this may be because childminders don't feel that they have to form emotional bonds wight he children.
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
When did Bryant et al. suggest that childminders don't feel like they need to form an emotional bond?
|
1980
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Who suggested that childminders don't feel like they need to form emotional bond after finding that some children in childcare did have a disturbance in attachment (1980)?
|
Bryant et al.
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
What did Howes and Hamilton found in 1992?
|
They found that only 50% of children in day care had secure attachment with their staff, but 70% of children had secure attachment with their mothers. Explanation could be because childminders are less committed and give less attention / are less engaged with the child = not as close.
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
When did Howes and Hamilton found that in day care there is 50% of secure attachment with staff and 70% secure attachment with mothers?
|
1992
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Who found that 50% of children are securely attached to day care staff while 70% are securely attached to their mothers in 1992?
|
Howes and Hamilton
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Egeland and Heister (1995)
|
Found that Insecurely attached children did best in day care, VS securely attached children who became more aggressive. - Maybe because securely attached children felt disruption while insecurely attached children didn't
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Egeland and Heister (1995) VS NICHD study (1997)
|
Insecurely good, securely bad VS insecurely attached did worse.
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
When did Egeland and Heister did their study?
|
1995
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Who found that insecurely attached children did better and securely attached children got aggressive in day care (1995)?
|
Egeland and Heister
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Gregg et al. (2005)
|
Found that negative effects are more likely with children who started day-care before they were 18 months old. (effects small, only ¼ of working mothers in full time then)
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Clarke-Stewart et al. (1994)
|
Found no difference in attachment between children spending 30+ hours a week in day care VS children who spent less then 10 hours a week.
|
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
Studies that support Clarke-Stewart et al. (1994)?
|
Scarr and Thompson 1994, Andresson, 1992.
No ill effects when children were place in day care under 1yrs and even for more than 20 hours per week. |
Evaluating Day care : Mediating factors
|
|
|
How did research into attachment influence real-world things?
|
-It improved day-care by showing the importance of certain elements for better attachment.
-It showed that different methods should be taken out when children are in hospital. -(Singer et al. 1985): now children are adopted within the first week after birth, and are now adoptive mothers and children are attached as securely as non-adopted. -Helped improving parenting and seeing when children should be taken away from abusive parents and how to deal with those children. |
Influence of research into attachment
|
|
|
How is influence improving the quality of day care supported?
|
Bowlby's theory
|
Influence of research into attachment : Evaluating
|
|
|
How is influence caring for children in hospital supported?
|
Robertsons' research. (Laura)
|
Influence of research into attachment : Evaluating
|
|
|
How is influence adoption supported?
|
Studies on Privation (Hudges and Tizard).
|
Influence of research into attachment :Evaluating
|
|
|
How is influence into better parenting supported?
|
Quinton et al. found that poor parenting may be related to parents' own childhood experiences.
|
Influence of research into attachment : Evaluating
|
|
|
How did research into day care influence day care?
|
-The importance of high quality day care was stressed.
- Good staff-to-child ratio (NICHD study 1999 found 1:3is best) was an important factor. - Schaffer (1998) said that the consistency (minimal staff turnover) was the most important factor. (privation or disruption might be caused from a lot of turnovers) - Sylva et al. (2003) said from the EPPE study that the higher qualifications of staff, particularly the manager of the centre, the better the outcomes of social development. |
Influence of research into day care
|
|
|
What did NICHD study (1999) found day-cares actually provide?
|
Found that only 23% of infants care providers give 'highly' sensitive infant care. 50% of them provide only 'moderate' and 20% are 'emotionally detached' from infants under their care.
|
Influence of research into day care : Evaluation
|
|
|
What can support all of the influences research into day care had?
|
Bowlby's and Ainsworth theories / studies
|
Influence of research into day care : Evaluation.
|
