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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When does a social smile occur?
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4 - 6 weeks
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When does an attachment occur??
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From 7 months
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What is the learning theory by Dollard and Miller?
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attachment is a set of learned behaviours which results from experience of the environment, not innate processes
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What is Classical Conditioning??
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where the infant associates feeding/ comfort with primary caregiver/mother
mother acquires comforting properties by association |
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What is Classical Conditioning??
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where the infant learns that crying and smiling brings positive response from adults
adult learns that responding to cries etc. brings relief from noise |
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What is Bowlby's (1953) view on attachment??
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Evolutionary Theory where attachment is biologically pre-programmed into children at birth also infants emit social releasers which adults are biologically attuned. he believes that infants are programmed to attach to whomever responds to releasing stimuli. he believes that the attachment type is monotropy and that their attachment is an internal working model
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What is the Critical Period??
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the first 3 years of life for attachments to develop - otherwise it may not do so
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What is the Internal Working Model??
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a template for all future relationships where they learn to trust and care for others
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What does Monotropy mean??
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a biological need to attach to main caregiver usually the biological mother
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What does innate mean ??
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born with it
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Who did the Strange Situation Test??
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Ainsworth
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What is the Strange Situation Test??
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an observation that has different stages:
1)parent and child left alone in room 2)child explores room without parent 3)stranger then enters the room, interacts with the parent as well as trying to approach the child 4)parent quietly leaves the room 5)parent then comes back and comforts the child |
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What is type A attachment type??
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Anxious-avoidant (15%)
ignores the mother, easily comforted by stranger, no or few signs of distress when mother leaves, when mother returns avoids her |
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What is type B attachment type??
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securely attached (70%)
plays happily whilst mother there, shes safe base, stranger can provide comfort but treated differently, when mother leaves clearly distressed, when mother returns seeks immediate contact and can be quickly calmed down in her arms |
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What is type C attachment type??
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Anxious-resistant (15%)
cries a lot whilst mothers there, resits strangers efforts of comfort, very distressed when parent leaves, seeks contact when she returns but angry and resists contact |
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Who did a cross-cultural study on attachments??
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Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
Japan - high numbers of type C Germany - high numbers of type A all highest are secure attachments |
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What is Disruption Of Attachment??
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when an infant forms an attachment with their caregiver, but this then gets disrupted
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What can cause Disruption of Attachment??
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parental divorce, bereavement (death of parent), daycare, work causes a parent to travel, parent or child in hospital, parent in prison.
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What are the stages of distress??
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Protest - emotional
Despair - emotions "locked up" Deatachment - treats everyone the same, may reject mother like she "rejected" her child |
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What is privation??
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where a child doesn't form any attachments
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How can privation occur??
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isolation or if raised in an orphanage/institution where they have not formed attachments
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What did Hodges and Tizard's study show??
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at 4 years there was no attachments.
at 8 years adopted children - normal attachment, restored children - poor attachments, both still have social problems, and are attention seeking at 16 years adopted children - normal attachment, restored - only 50% "deeply" attached, both still have friendship problems |
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What types of day care is there??
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day nurseries, childminders and nannies
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What is deprivation??
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where there was an attachment formed before seperation
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What is the "cycle of privation"??
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it means where children who have suffered or experienced privation grow up to be less caring parents
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What is "reactive attachment disorder"??
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occurs when children have been "permanently damaged" by experiences like privation in an early age, they normally suffer with poor social relationships, dishonesty, an inability to give or recieve affection, and are normally involved in crime
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What is an attachment??
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a close emotional relationship between an infant and it's caregiver, the infant shows a desire to be close to the main caregiver and shows distress when seperated
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