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85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Adaptive
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Affectional
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Attachment
A reciprocal emotional bond between a child and primary caregiver.
Behavioural categories*
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Classical conditioning
Where somebody learns to associate two things by experiencing them together - e.g. Pavlov's dog associated the bell with food.
Collectivist culture
Any culture that replaces more value on the collective rather than the individual.
Continuity hypothesis
The theory that there is a link between the early attachment relationship and later relationships.
Controlled observation*
Where participants are observed in a controlled, laboratory setting.
Covert observation*
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Cross-cultural study
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Deprivation dwarfism
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Disinhibited attachment disorder
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Event sampling*
Observational technique in which a count is collective of the number of times a certain behaviour occurs
Evolution
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Imprinting
An innate desire for e.g. geese to form a bond with the first object they see - usual the mother.
Individualistic culture
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Innate
Characteristics that are inborn due to genetic factors
Insecure - avoidant
Children who tend to avoid social interaction.
Insecure – disorganised
A lack of consistant patterns of social behaviour.
Insecure - resistant
Those who seek and reject intimacy and social interaction.
Internal working model
A schema of relationships developed from the first attachment relationship - helps to predict and control
Learning theory of attachment
The idea that you learn to become attached after birth through the processes of classical and operant conditioning.
Monotropy
Bowlby's theory that one special bond enables later emotional development
Naturalistic observation*
observing participants in their own environment e.g public place such as a park.
Operant conditioning
Learning whether your own actions are likely to be reinforced by rewards or inhibited by punishments.
Overt observation
gigj
Primary attachment figure
The person that a baby first forms a bond with.
Privation
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Punishment
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Reactive attachment disorder
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Reinforcement
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Response
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Sampling procedures*
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Secure attachment
Strong and contented attachment of an infant and their caregiver.
Secure base
A sense of security provided by the attachment figure which enables the baby to explore its surroundings.
Sensitive period
The period in which a baby is biologically most successful in forming an attachment - Bowlby said 2nd 3 months
Separation anxiety
The distress shown by an infant whrn seperated from primary attachment figure.
Social releasers
Behaviours - e.g crying and cooing - which help the 'mother' and child to form a bond by eliciting appropriate behaviour from the 'mother'
Stimulus
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Strange Situation
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Stranger anxiety
stress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone unfamiliar.
Structured observations*
Goes with a checklist, write about or note down specific findings.
Time sampling*
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Unstructured observations*
Write down or video everything you see.
7 Key Terms in Bowlby's Theory
Innate; continuity hypothesis; imprinting; internal working model; monotropy; sensitive period; social releasers
What are the key findings of Harlow (1959)? (p.35)
Orphaned monkeys preferred cloth-covered 'mother' to wire lactating mother - they spent most time here and would cling to 'her' when frightened
What are the key findings of Schaffer and Emerson (1964)? (p.35)
Observed 60 babies from working-class homes - babies were most attached to the person who interacted most with them
Which study shows imprinting in non-human animals?
Lorenz (1952) - geese (p.32)
What are the short and long-term effects of imprinting?
Short-term - protection
Whose research supports the notion of a sensitive period?
Hodges and Tizard (1989) (p.50)
How does Tronick (1992) support the universality of attachment? (p.38)
Although children in the Efe tribe in Zaire are looked after and breastfed by several women
What research supports the notion of monotropy?
Tronick (1992) (p.38)
How does Blum (2003) suggest the importance of secondary attachments? (p.38)
Monkey raised just with their mother did not develop typical playing and grooming behaviour with peers
How does Harlow (1959) suggest the importance of caregiver sensitivity? (p.38)
Although orphaned monkeys formed some attachment with the models
How did Sroufe (2005) study the continuity hypothesis? (p.38)
Followed participants from infancy to adolescence - secure infants later had higher social competence
What research supports the notion of multiple attachments? (p.39)
Rutter (1995) all attachments are important
What is the prime alternative to the continuity hypothesis as an explanation for the link between attachment and later behaviour? (p.39)
Kagan (1984) - temperament hypothesis
Outline the strange situation (p.40)
?
Outline the secure attachment type (p.41)
?
Outline the insecure-avoidant type (p.41)
?
Outline the insecure-resistant type (p.41)
?
What is meant by the insecure-disorganised type? (p.41)
?
How did Main and Weston (1981) challenge the validity of Ainsworth's attachment types? (p.42)
?
What has been shown about the predictive power of attachment types? (p.42)
?
What does Slade (2005) propose as an alternative to maternal sensitivity? (p.43)
?
What are the key findings of Harlow (1959)? (p.35)
Orphaned monkeys preferred cloth-covered 'mother' to wire lactating mother - they spent most time here and would cling to 'her' when frightened
What are the key findings of Schaffer and Emerson (1964)? (p.35)
Observed 60 babies from working-class homes - babies were most attached to the person who interacted most with them
Which study shows imprinting in non-human animals?
Lorenz (1952) - geese (p.32)
What are the short and long-term effects of imprinting?
Short-term - protection
Whose research supports the notion of a sensitive period?
Hodges and Tizard (1989) (p.50)
How does Tronick (1992) support the universality of attachment? (p.38)
Although children in the Efe tribe in Zaire are looked after and breastfed by several women
What research supports the notion of monotropy?
Tronick (1992) (p.38)
How does Blum (2003) suggest the importance of secondary attachments? (p.38)
Monkey raised just with their mother did not develop typical playing and grooming behaviour with peers
How does Harlow (1959) suggest the importance of caregiver sensitivity? (p.38)
Although orphaned monkeys formed some attachment with the models
How did Sroufe (2005) study the continuity hypothesis? (p.38)
Followed participants from infancy to adolescence - secure infants later had higher social competence
What research supports the notion of multiple attachments? (p.39)
Rutter (1995) all attachments are important
What is the prime alternative to the continuity hypothesis as an explanation for the link between attachment and later behaviour? (p.39)
Kagan (1984) - temperament hypothesis
Outline the strange situation (p.40)
?
Outline the secure attachment type (p.41)
?
Outline the insecure-avoidant type (p.41)
?
Outline the insecure-resistant type (p.41)
?
What is meant by the insecure-disorganised type? (p.41)
?
How did Main and Weston (1981) challenge the validity of Ainsworth's attachment types? (p.42)
?
What has been shown about the predictive power of attachment types? (p.42)
?
What does Slade (2005) propose as an alternative to maternal sensitivity? (p.43)
?