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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Adaptive
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Affectional
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Attachment
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A reciprocal emotional bond between a child and primary caregiver.
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Behavioural categories*
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Classical conditioning
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Where somebody learns to associate two things by experiencing them together - e.g. Pavlov's dog associated the bell with food.
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Collectivist culture
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Any culture that replaces more value on the collective rather than the individual.
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Continuity hypothesis
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The theory that there is a link between the early attachment relationship and later relationships.
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Controlled observation*
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Where participants are observed in a controlled, laboratory setting.
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Covert observation*
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Cross-cultural study
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Deprivation dwarfism
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Disinhibited attachment disorder
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Event sampling*
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Observational technique in which a count is collective of the number of times a certain behaviour occurs
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Evolution
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Imprinting
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An innate desire for e.g. geese to form a bond with the first object they see - usual the mother.
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Individualistic culture
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Innate
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Characteristics that are inborn due to genetic factors
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Insecure - avoidant
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Children who tend to avoid social interaction.
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Insecure – disorganised
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A lack of consistant patterns of social behaviour.
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Insecure - resistant
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Those who seek and reject intimacy and social interaction.
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Internal working model
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A schema of relationships developed from the first attachment relationship - helps to predict and control
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Learning theory of attachment
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The idea that you learn to become attached after birth through the processes of classical and operant conditioning.
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Monotropy
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Bowlby's theory that one special bond enables later emotional development
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Naturalistic observation*
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observing participants in their own environment e.g public place such as a park.
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Operant conditioning
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Learning whether your own actions are likely to be reinforced by rewards or inhibited by punishments.
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Overt observation
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gigj
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Primary attachment figure
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The person that a baby first forms a bond with.
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Privation
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Punishment
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Reactive attachment disorder
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Reinforcement
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Response
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Sampling procedures*
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Secure attachment
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Strong and contented attachment of an infant and their caregiver.
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Secure base
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A sense of security provided by the attachment figure which enables the baby to explore its surroundings.
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Sensitive period
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The period in which a baby is biologically most successful in forming an attachment - Bowlby said 2nd 3 months
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Separation anxiety
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The distress shown by an infant whrn seperated from primary attachment figure.
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Social releasers
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Behaviours - e.g crying and cooing - which help the 'mother' and child to form a bond by eliciting appropriate behaviour from the 'mother'
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Stimulus
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Strange Situation
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Stranger anxiety
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stress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone unfamiliar.
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Structured observations*
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Goes with a checklist, write about or note down specific findings.
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Time sampling*
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Unstructured observations*
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Write down or video everything you see.
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7 Key Terms in Bowlby's Theory
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Innate; continuity hypothesis; imprinting; internal working model; monotropy; sensitive period; social releasers
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What are the key findings of Harlow (1959)? (p.35)
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Orphaned monkeys preferred cloth-covered 'mother' to wire lactating mother - they spent most time here and would cling to 'her' when frightened
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What are the key findings of Schaffer and Emerson (1964)? (p.35)
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Observed 60 babies from working-class homes - babies were most attached to the person who interacted most with them
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Which study shows imprinting in non-human animals?
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Lorenz (1952) - geese (p.32)
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What are the short and long-term effects of imprinting?
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Short-term - protection
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Whose research supports the notion of a sensitive period?
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Hodges and Tizard (1989) (p.50)
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How does Tronick (1992) support the universality of attachment? (p.38)
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Although children in the Efe tribe in Zaire are looked after and breastfed by several women
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What research supports the notion of monotropy?
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Tronick (1992) (p.38)
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How does Blum (2003) suggest the importance of secondary attachments? (p.38)
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Monkey raised just with their mother did not develop typical playing and grooming behaviour with peers
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How does Harlow (1959) suggest the importance of caregiver sensitivity? (p.38)
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Although orphaned monkeys formed some attachment with the models
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How did Sroufe (2005) study the continuity hypothesis? (p.38)
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Followed participants from infancy to adolescence - secure infants later had higher social competence
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What research supports the notion of multiple attachments? (p.39)
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Rutter (1995) all attachments are important
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What is the prime alternative to the continuity hypothesis as an explanation for the link between attachment and later behaviour? (p.39)
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Kagan (1984) - temperament hypothesis
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Outline the strange situation (p.40)
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Outline the secure attachment type (p.41)
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Outline the insecure-avoidant type (p.41)
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Outline the insecure-resistant type (p.41)
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What is meant by the insecure-disorganised type? (p.41)
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How did Main and Weston (1981) challenge the validity of Ainsworth's attachment types? (p.42)
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What has been shown about the predictive power of attachment types? (p.42)
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What does Slade (2005) propose as an alternative to maternal sensitivity? (p.43)
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?
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What are the key findings of Harlow (1959)? (p.35)
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Orphaned monkeys preferred cloth-covered 'mother' to wire lactating mother - they spent most time here and would cling to 'her' when frightened
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What are the key findings of Schaffer and Emerson (1964)? (p.35)
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Observed 60 babies from working-class homes - babies were most attached to the person who interacted most with them
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Which study shows imprinting in non-human animals?
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Lorenz (1952) - geese (p.32)
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What are the short and long-term effects of imprinting?
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Short-term - protection
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Whose research supports the notion of a sensitive period?
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Hodges and Tizard (1989) (p.50)
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How does Tronick (1992) support the universality of attachment? (p.38)
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Although children in the Efe tribe in Zaire are looked after and breastfed by several women
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What research supports the notion of monotropy?
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Tronick (1992) (p.38)
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How does Blum (2003) suggest the importance of secondary attachments? (p.38)
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Monkey raised just with their mother did not develop typical playing and grooming behaviour with peers
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How does Harlow (1959) suggest the importance of caregiver sensitivity? (p.38)
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Although orphaned monkeys formed some attachment with the models
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How did Sroufe (2005) study the continuity hypothesis? (p.38)
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Followed participants from infancy to adolescence - secure infants later had higher social competence
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What research supports the notion of multiple attachments? (p.39)
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Rutter (1995) all attachments are important
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What is the prime alternative to the continuity hypothesis as an explanation for the link between attachment and later behaviour? (p.39)
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Kagan (1984) - temperament hypothesis
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Outline the strange situation (p.40)
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?
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Outline the secure attachment type (p.41)
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?
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Outline the insecure-avoidant type (p.41)
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?
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Outline the insecure-resistant type (p.41)
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?
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What is meant by the insecure-disorganised type? (p.41)
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?
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How did Main and Weston (1981) challenge the validity of Ainsworth's attachment types? (p.42)
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?
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What has been shown about the predictive power of attachment types? (p.42)
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?
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What does Slade (2005) propose as an alternative to maternal sensitivity? (p.43)
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?
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