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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define attachment
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A strong, emotional, reciprocal bond between two people that develops over time. E.G.a child and it's care giver.
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Define classical conditioning.
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Classical conditioning is when an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimuli is 'conditioned' so that the unconditioned response is produced when a neutral stimuli is presented. This creates a conditioned response to a conditioned stimuli.
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how has classical conditioning been used to explain formation of attachments between an infant and caregiver.
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An infant is born with reflex responses, when the child is presented with food (unconditioned stimuli) it feels pleasure (unconditioned response). Because the caregiver provides the infant with food this conditions the child's response and thus the presence of the caregiver provides the baby with pleasure irrespective of wether food is supplied. This is the basis of the attachment bond according to the learning theory.
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Define operant conditioning.
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Operant conditioning is the idea that 'good' behaviour can be induced by reinforcing it using reward and discouraging 'bad' behaviour with punishment.
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Who created the idea of operant conditioning?
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B.F Skinner.
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Who suggested the role of operant conditioning in attachment and what is that role?
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Dollard and Miller (1950). They suggested that the when hungry an infant feels uncomfortable and therefore is motivated to lesson this feeling. Using 'social releases' the child attracts its care giver to feed it which results in 'drive reduction'. the food then becomes a primary reinforcer and because the care giver provides the food they become the secondary reinforcer. Due to this pleasurable induced mental state from the reward of food the child seeks the care giver who has been associated with this feeling and thus creates an attachment.
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Define social releases.
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Crying, noise making, gurgling from an infant to attract adults attentions and make them 'cute' in order to persuade the adult to care for it.
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Define innate.
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An inbuilt response which aids in survival.
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Define monotropy.
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Infants only making one central attachment. I.e. Mono meaning one. Children have many other secondary attachments.
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When was Bowlby's learning theory created and what is it based around?
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1969. Its based around the evolutionary perspective.
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Define critical period.
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The concept of the critical period is based around biological concepts that for e.g. with language there is a period that if we do not learn we wont be able to learn in future. With attachment its suggested that at around 3-6 months their attachments later on will be affected negatively and that if they do not form an attachment before 2.5 years they will not be able to.
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Explain the continuity hypothesis.
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The type of attachment a child has will determine the attachments they form in the future, romantic relationships, social competence and success in life. So a child who has a secure attachment was found to be more socially competent, have secure relationships as an adult and found more success. whereas the opposite was found for insecure children. (Findings from the longitudinal study by Sroufe et al)
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What is an internal working model of attachment?
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The model in a child's head of how future relationships will be based on their primary attachments.
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Summarise Bowlby's theory.
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Attachment is adaptive and innate.
Children illicit responses through innate social releases. Bonds are formed with the most sensitive adult. There is a sensitive or critical period of attachment. Monotropy. |
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Describe the strange situation experiment. (Ainsworth, 1950s)
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about 100 middle class infants were used in this study. They used a controlled observation method.
1 Mother and child are introduced into the room. 2 Mother and child are left alone, child explores. 3 Stranger Enters the room and talks with the mother and then attempts interaction with the child. 4 Mother leaves child with stranger. 5 Mother returns. 6 Child is left alone. 7 The stranger returns. 8 the mother returns. |
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Define secure attachment.
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A child who uses the mother as a secure base when exploring the room, were subdued when the mother left and greeted her positively on return. These had low levels of stranger anxiety.
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Define Insecure-resistant attachment.
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Show intense distress, particularly when the mother is absent, reject the mother on return.
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Define insecure-avoidant.
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Do not orientate to their mothers, don't seem concerned by her absence, show little interest in her on return. Have high levels of stranger anxiety and try to avoid most social contact.
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Define privation.
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When a child doesn't form an attachment.
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Define deprivation.
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When a child's primary attachment figure is separated for some length of time. (disruption of attachment).
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Describe the maternal deprivation hypothesis.
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Suggests that discontinuous attachments become unstable and less predictable, which disrupts the development. This can lead to trouble forming attachments and behavioural disorders.
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Describe the findings of Bowlby's 'juvenile thieves' study.
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Bowlby found a correlation between social and emotional maladjustment and deprivation. He also found that 86% of his participants who were classed as 'affectionless psychopaths' had experienced early and prolonged separations from their mothers.
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Name a study that shows separation of attachment does not necessarily lead to deprivation.
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Robertson and Robertson (1971)
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Name two studies on privated children and describe them.
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Genie: a young girl who was locked in a room strapped to a toilet seat and only provided with basic food supplies. When she was eventually discovered she had been subjected to extreme socio-emotional deprivation. Her cognitive and mental ability was severely affected and she was unable to walk or talk. She had a very low IQ. After discovery she began to learn basic speech and her cognitive ability improved.
The czech twins: these twin were locked in a dark room and abused by their stepmother, they were found at quite a young age and adopted and by the time they were in they teens they both showed normal socio-emotional development and IQ's. |
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Rutter et al. (2007) describe.
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Rutter did a longitudinal study on a large number of romanian orphans. He found that they were undersized when they were first adopted but tended to catch up with the age-related milestones by the age of 6 if adopted before 2 years of age. However, he also found a correlation between children being adopted later and catching up with their development much slower. This is evidence for a critical period.
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Explain the temperament hypothesis.
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The temperament hypothesis suggests for example, in the case of genie and the czech twins, its not the privation or quality of care afterwards that affects how much they suffer but in fact the temperament of the child, some children may be more resilient or have a personality which enables them to cope better with the situations they are placed in whereas others may be unable to cope and therefore suffer long term effects. In the case of genie it is suggested that she was in fact mentally retarded and this affected how she developed after she was found.
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