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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Space Waves
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VHF
Line of Sight |
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Sky Waves
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HF
Ionosphere refraction |
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2 fields of Radio waves:
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E field >> Electrical comp
H field >> Magnetic comp @ R.angle to each other |
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F. of Polarity
Req vertical arial |
Vertically polarized Waves
VHF comms NDB |
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F. of Polarity
Req hor arial |
Horizontally polarized Waves
VOR nav |
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What is propagation?
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path of radio waves aft TX
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Modulation?
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information laid down @ Carrier waves
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AM modulation ?
Bands and ftur? |
Amplitude Modulation
VHF / HF Static interference |
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FM modulation ?
Bands and ftur? |
Freq Modulation
Hi quality short range |
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SSB?
Band and ftur? |
Single Side Band
HF Eff >> by elim most of the CW |
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SSB components
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USB >> Upper Side Band
Abv Cr. Frq LSB >> Lower Side Band Blw Cr. Frq |
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SSB advantages (2)
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Lower Power
Longer Range |
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Types of Radio comms?(4)
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Simplex > one way @ one frq
Half Duplex > 2 way >> one at a time Duplex > 2 way @ same time Full duplex > 2 way @ 2 sep frq |
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Hearing urself When TX
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Side tone
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To remove Background noise?
Also called? |
Squelch
Silencer |
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FM immunity?
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Protection against Overlapping freq
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Frequency fomula
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f=c/λ
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Radio Bands
MF |
300 Khz - 3 Mhz
NDB ADF |
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Radio Bands
HF |
3 Mhz - 30 Mhz
HF comms |
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Radio Bands
VHF |
30 Mhz - 300 Mhz
VHF comms VOR |
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Radio Bands
UHF |
300 Mhz - 3 Ghz
GP DME |
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Radio Bands
SHF |
3 Ghz - 30 Ghz
Satellite uplinks/downlinks |
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Radio Bands
LF |
30 kHz–300 kHz
LORAN |
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NDB transmits … waves at … direction
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surface
all |
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NDB is … to … Band
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MF
LF |
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locator is a ….
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low power NDB
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NDB range → proportional to
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poewr
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NDB max theoretical rang ...
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land → 300
water → 600 |
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NDB range is restricted to
… ... |
land = 3 √pwer(w)
water = 9 √peer(w) |
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ADF has … aerials
one for … other for ... |
2
loop → finds 2 direction sense → picks ID code |
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Relative bearing
displays NDB info as ………….. @ …. |
HDG to NDB direction
RBI |
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A more powerful NDB
has a range more than VOR |
Transistorized NDB
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NDB Errors
night effect → ... |
sky waves
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NDB Errors
from other AC → |
static interference
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NDB Errors
AC magnetic field → |
quadrantal
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NDB Errors
wave reflection of coast → |
costal refraction
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NDB Errors
Thunderstorm → |
static
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NDB required accuracy @ ICAO
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+/- 5 deg
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NDB
modulation methodes (3) |
NON → carrier wave
A1A → interrupted carrier wave A2A → modulated continuous wave |
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BFO?
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Beat Frequency Oscillator
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BFO adds … to … for ….
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tone / carrier wave / Morse ID
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BFO is not used for … type modulation
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A2A
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HF communication
It's …. to …. …. range range proportional to ... |
point to point
long frequency |
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Night / winter effect of HF is ….
at wich ….. causes ….. giving … range |
skip distance
No D layer → higher refraction alt more |
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Best frequency to use for HF comms found @ ….
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Propagation charts
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VHF comms are … rang and ...
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short
line of sight |
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Factors affecting VHF comms quality (4)
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TX power
Frequency obstruction Fading |
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Fading @ VHF comms ?
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line of sight
>> grond reflected >>> signals out of phase |
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line of sight formula
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1.25 √H1 + 1.25√H2
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Localizer antenna
Tx inline with …. @ … of Rwy Tx … beams @ same … but different ... |
centerline / end
2 beams : freq / modulation (overlap) |
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Localizer is @ … Band
from … to … … 100's @ …. spacing |
VHF
108 - 112 Mhz odd / 150 Khz |
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Localizer protected area
up to … nm … deg either side up to … nm … deg either side up to … ft vertical |
17 / 35
25 / 10 6000 |
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Glide Slope antenna
Transmitter located @ …. |
300m front of rwy
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Glide Slope is @ … Band
from … to … @ …. spacing |
UHF
329.3 - 335 Mhz 150 Khz |
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Glide Slope Range
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8 degrees either side
up to 10 nm |
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False GS error :
… the GS degree … real one intercept from … to avoid |
twice
above (intercept from) below |
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type of ILS error : …
signals from outside the protected area |
phantom signals
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VHF marker beacons
are … shaped …. |
fan
beams |
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VOR or … … …
has a … range …….. |
VHF omnidirectional Range
short / line of sight |
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VOR
Track position lines referred to … north |
magnetic
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VOR is @ … Band
from … to … … 100's @ … spacing |
VHF
108 - 112 Mhz even / 50 Khz |
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VOR principle of operation
Difference of …. and …. detected at aircraft |
Reference phase signal
Variable phase signal |
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VOR signals (2)
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FM → Reference phase signal
(omnidirectional) AM → Variable phase signal (constant rotation) |
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Scalloping is a type of …. error @ ...
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propagation
VOR |
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VOR error
signal reflected off near objects |
site error
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VOR error
altitude effect |
Vertical polarization
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VOR advantage
With higher freq there are no (3) |
night eff
static costal refraction |
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MLS
2 beams of .. and .. |
azimuth
elevation |
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MLS
… band |
SHF
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MLS
Principle : ….. the ….. |
time multiplexing
signals |
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MLS
Azimuth range |
up to 20 nm
40 deg either side |
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MLS
Azimuth beam is ... … shaped, … to … as TO … to … as FRO (from AC POV) |
sweeping / fan
L to R R to L |
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MLS
Elevation range … nm … deg … vertical |
up to 20 nm
0.9 to 15 deg 20,000 (spewing) |
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MLS allows for more ...
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transmission channels
(200) |
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DME is a form of ...
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secondary radar
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DME provides a … … readouts
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slant
continuous |
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DME is at … Band
from … to ... |
UHF
962 - 1213 Mhz |
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Parts of a DME system
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onboard interrogator
ground beacon transponder (opp to 2ndry radar!!) |
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DME measures the … to calculate the distance
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time delay
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DME range formula
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√(1.5 x Aircraft height)
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DME system can handle … aircraft at the same time
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100
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DME interrogator
sends …. which are …. by the method: ... |
pulse terrain
unique to each aircraft random pulse recurrence freq (jittering) |
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DME interrogator signals
feature and why |
>>unique to each aircraft
random pulse recurrence freq (jittering) >>distinguish ground TX form signals refracted of ground |
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DME
ground equipment only responds to …. at …. |
pairs of pulses
12 micro second separation |
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required accuracy for DME @ ICAO
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higher of
½ nm or 3 % |
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DME slant range formula
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ground range^2
= S.range ^2 - ac height ^2 |
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Auto Direction Finding @ …Band
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VHF
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Phantom station used @ ….
and is ….. |
RNAV
considered a Waypoint >> same as air info |
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AT RNAV,
… and … of a …. is used as a …. |
bearing / distance
geographic location waypoint |
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RADAR is …………..
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Radio Detection And Ranging
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Primary (pulse) radar principle
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reflected signal
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Primary (pulse) radar freq band
and reason |
UHF / VHF
min ATM and Static attenuation |
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Types of primary radar (3)
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C-Band
X-Band L-Band |
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C-band primary radar has a …antenna
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parabolic
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X-Band primary radar has a … antenna
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Flat
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X-Band primary radar
works on a … frequency hass a … beam used for ... |
higher
narrow → higher efficiency weather detection |
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primary radar waves are ...
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line of sight
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L-Band primary radar is used for ...
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range
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primary rada ranger vs. antenna power
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2x rang ⇒ 4x power
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range of primary radar
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√(1.5 x aircraft height (AGL))
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SSR
principle …... |
respondent signal
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SSR needs
a ground based … an onboard ... |
interrogator
transponder |
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Transponder @ STBY
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ready for immediate use
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Transponder @ ON
mode … |
alpha
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Transponder @ TST will. ….
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transmit a self interrogation signal
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mode … is required for TCAS I/II
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S
(transponder ) |
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Transponder mode B
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Civil ID
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Radio Altimeter
a …. …. radar …. modulated |
continuous wave
frequency |
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Weather radar
also called |
Isoecho
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Weather radar
detects … not ... |
Thunderstorm
turbulence |
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Weather radar
picks up … best in … form |
water
liquid |
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Weather radar
Echos → proportional to …. Turbulence → proportional to ... |
droplet size
strength of return |
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Weather radar
Nose arial range of movement |
90 deg L/R
15 deg Up/Dn |
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Weather radar
At monochrome display dense clouds as …. normal returns are ... |
hollow contours
black |
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Primary radar
Hollow contours occur @ …. a preset …. using ... |
above
pulse return level Isoecho circuitry |
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Lines @ weather radar display
separates different intensity |
Iso Contour
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Colors @ weather radar
Magenta |
Extreme
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Colors @ weather radar
Red |
Heavy
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Colors @ weather radar
Yellow |
Moderate
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Colors @ weather radar
Green |
Light
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PPI @ weather radar ?
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Plan Position Indicator
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PPI @ weather radar
purpose |
deferent colors
⇒different returns |
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AGC @ weather radar ?
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Active Gain Control
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AGC @ weather radar is
to ……….. for ………. giving more ……. |
adjust Rx sensitivity
different ranges accurate picture |
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STAB @ weather radar
the antenna is …… to ensure …… irrespective of ... |
gyro stabilized
constant beam aircraft attitude |
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tilt @ weather radar
is the …. |
angle between
beam center horizon |
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Cloud top calc using weather radar
Formula |
Height relative to aircraft
range(ft) x (tilt - ½ beam width) ÷ 60 |
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PRP @ radar?
stands for |
Pulse Recurrence Period
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PRF @ radar?
stands for |
Pulse Repetition Frequency
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PRP vs. PRF
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PRP = 1/PRF
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Whats PRP @ radar?
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time taken
to send and receive one pulse |
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Whats PRF @ radar?
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No. of pulses per second
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PRF vs. Range @ radar
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low PRF
long range |
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Max range of radar is controlled by … and ...
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PRF
power |
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Max theoretical range of Radar
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C ÷ (2 x PRF)
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Min theoretical range of Radar
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(C x Pulse length) ÷ 2
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At SELCAL
no …. is needed |
continues monitor of radio
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At SELCAL
each aircraft has a …. to .. |
separate code
notify |
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ACARS
is …….. of …… @ …. Band |
Up/Dn link of info(AFIS)
VHF SAT |
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SATCOM is provided by …
handle info to/from aircraft up to …. latitude |
INMARSAT
82 Deg |
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ACARS stands for ...
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Aircraft Communications and Reporting System
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ELT stands for ...
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Emergency Locator Transmitter
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ELT transmits … @ …. (frq)
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distress signal
121.5 Mhz 243 Mhz |
