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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Atherosclerosis?
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Inside vessels------
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty material collects along the walls of arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens (forms calcium deposits), and may eventually block the arteries. Fat hardening: related to endothelial damage of blood vessel walls; inflamatory condition of arterial walls with fatty plaque buildup; leads to arteriosclerosis and gradual blockage of arteries; causes peripheral vascular, coronary, cerebral artery disease, aneurysms, spasm of vessels, hypertension. |
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Atherosclerosis: What are the characteristics?
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Primarily affects middle age and older
Major cause of death in men age 35-44 years old Major cause of death in women after menopause Prevention begins at birth Intermittent claudication (pain in calf or leg brought on by exercise and relieved by rest) is most common early sign of arterioscleros |
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Atherosclerosis: Caused by...
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a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, due to the accumulation of macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low-density lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) foam cells, without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. Ruins elasticity and interferes with blood flow.
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Atherosclerosis: Main Risk Factors...
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Modifiable:
Smoking, High B/P (very important Greg Horeni) High Cholesterol Metabolic Syndrome: Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol, LDL, TriGlicerides, low HDL), obesity, diabetes, hypertension Stress Sedentary lifestyle Non-Modifiable: Age (older) Gender men Heredity (under 50) Race-Black |
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Atherosclerosis: Lab test...
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Lipid profile: high density, low density, VHDL?
Normal Cholesterol is: <200 |
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Atherosclerosis: What risk factors?
Minor Factors |
Personality type
Sedentary living Stress Oral Contraceptive Use |
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Atherosclerosis: What risk factors?
Modifiable |
Smoking
High calorie, fat, cholesterol, sugar and sodium diet High serum lipids Hypertension Obesity Lifestyle |
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Atherosclerosis: Diagnostic tests?
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How can you measure inflammation?
C-Reactive Protein (C-RP) test. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein found in the blood, the levels of which rise in response to inflammation Homeocysteine (meaures that you could be at risk for cardiac problems) Homocysteine is an amino acid. Detection of high levels of homocysteine has been linked to cardiovascular disease. An elevated level of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia) is believed to cause narrowing and hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). This narrowing and hardening of the vessels is thought to occur through a variety of ways involving elevated homocysteine. Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood may also increase the tendency to excessive blood clotting. There is no “best test” for artherosclerosis |
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Atherosclerosis: Signs & symptoms?
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Skin Color (pallor, cyanosis)
Neck vein distention - reflects right atrial pressure Respiratory (dyspnea:shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing, Orthopnea:difficult breathing, except in upright position) Presence of edema - fluid volume overload Nail clubbing - sign of chronic hypoxia:oxygen deficiency causing a very strong drive to correct the deficiency Capillary filling - measure of peripheral circulation Lack of hair on legs/feet Venous stasis:an abnormal state in which the normal flow of a liquid (such as blood) is slowed or stopped or Arterial Ulcers Claudication : cramp-like pain in the calf muscles |
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Atherosclerosis: Which fats raise LDL?
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Raise LDL:
Saturated Transfats |
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Atherosclerosis: Caused by:
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a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low-density lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries
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Atherosclerosis: What is the normal cholesterol levels (normal range)?
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LDL cholesterol: <100 optimal
100-129 near optimal/above optimal 130-159 borderline high 160-189 high >190 or equal to…very high Total cholesterol:<200 desirable 200-239 borderline high >240 or equal to… high HDL cholesterol:<40 low >60 or equal to… high Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL Normal 150–199 mg/dL Borderline high 200–499 mg/dL High 500 mg/dL and above Very high |
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Atherosclerosis: Characteristics?
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The arterial walls thicken as results of build up of fatty materials such as cholesterol. Clogging or hardening and narrowing of the arteries.
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Atherosclerosis: Manifestations:
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Narrowing of the vessel and production of ischemia; sudden vessel obstruction caused by plaque hemorrhage or rupture; thrombosis and formation of emboli resulting from damage to the vessel and aneurysm formation caused by weakening of vessel wall.
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Atherosclerosis: What are the causes?
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High LDL and low HDL, smoking, poor diet, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, men over 60, women over 65
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Atherosclerosis: What tests are run?
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ECG, Echo
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Atherosclerosis: What is the lipid profile?
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LDL, HDL, Total cholesterol, triglycerides
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Atherosclerosis: Meds?
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Statins are used…they block the enzyme to stop the production of cholesterol in the liver
Statins are used for preventing and treating atherosclerosis that causes chest pain, heart attacks, strokes, and intermittent claudication in individuals who have or are at risk for atherosclerosis. Remember all drugs end in ...statin except Fibrate (fibr...) |
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Atherosclerosis: What do you assess?
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(you see…high BP from constriction…)
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Atherosclerosis: Risk factors
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abnormally elevated cholesterol levels,
a family history of heart attacks (particularly at a young age), increasing age, and diabetes. Also… hypertension, males, smoking |
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Atherosclerosis: Which fats lower LDL?
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Lowers LDL:
Monounsaturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated |
