Ate 1211 Respiratory System

Front 1

What is the main function of expiratory center?

Back 1

The neurons in expiratory center are not very active.These neurons only fire impulses when extra expiratory effort is needed during forced expiration like defecation and parturition etc.

Front 2

List the abnormal lung sounds

Back 2

Crackles and Wheezes

Front 3

Name the condition, you find enlarged and ruptured alveoli in horses

Back 3

Heaves (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Front 4

What is pneumothorax

Back 4

Air in thoracic cavity

Front 5

What would be the effect of increased level of CO2 on respiration rate

Back 5

Increases the respiration rate (hyperventilation)

Front 6

Where are the central chemoreceptors located in brain and what is their main function

Back 6

These are located in 4th ventricle of brain to monitor the pH level of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Front 7

Which humero-chemical factor is most important and highly influences the respiration rate?

Back 7

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Front 8

List the three ways the gases are transported in blood

Back 8

-dissolved in plasma

-chemically combined with hemoglobin

-converted into different molecules

Front 9

What is the function of pneumotaxic center

Back 9

The function of pneumotaxic center is to inhibit the inspiratory center to fire impulse, once inspiration is completed and therefore allows passive expiration.

Front 10

Why positive pressure ventilation is required when performing surgery on thorax

Back 10

During surgery on thoracic cavity, we need to give artificial respiration under positive pressure to keep the lungs inflated.

Front 11

What is the main function of inspiratory center?

Back 11

The neurons in the inspiratory center are very active. These keep firing impulses at regular intervals and initiate the inspiration. These are also called "Pace Makers"

Front 12

Name the enzyme present in RBCs, that is responsible for hydration of CO2 into carbonic acid.

Back 12

Carbonic Anhydrase

Front 13

List the three ways the carbon dioxide enter the blood from tissues.

Back 13

1. About 7% carbon dioxide gets dissolved in blood

2. About 23% of carbon dioxide enters in RBCs and combines with hemoglobin to form carbamino-hemoglobin.

3. Rest 70% carbon dioxide also enters the RBCs and combines with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Front 14

What is Bohr's effect

Back 14

Oxygen level is low at tissue level.Also the temperature is high at tissue level. All these factors decreases the Hb affinity for oxygen. This effect of is called the Bohr's Effect.

Front 15

A drop in partial pressure to what level would significantly affect the
oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.

Back 15

Below 60 mm Hg

Front 16

How the oxygen is carried in blood?

Back 16

In lungs, only 1.5% oxygen is dissolved in blood, while rest 98.5 % of the oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin and is called

oxyhemoglobin.

Front 17

List the humeo-chemical factors affecting the respiratory centers, in order of their importance

Back 17

1. conc. of CO2 in arterial blood

2. conc. of H+ ions or pH of blood

3. conc. of O2 in arterial blood

Front 18

Define tidal volume?

Back 18

Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath at rest.

Front 19

Partial pressure of CO2 lowest in which part of body?

Back 19

Lung alveoli have lowest CO2 partial pressure

Front 20

Partial pressure of CO2 highest in which part of body?

Back 20

Body Tissues have high CO2

Front 21

Partial pressure of Oxygen lowest in which organ?

Back 21

Body tissues

Front 22

Partial pressure of Oxygen highest in which organ?

Back 22

Lung alveoli

Front 23

What is the effect of decreased atmospheric pressure at higher altitude on the partial pressure of oxygen

Back 23

It would decrease the partial pressure of oxygen in lungs.

Front 24

What creates the physiological dead space

Back 24

Physiological dead space indicates dead alveoli because no gas exchange taking place in dead alveoli.

Front 25

What is difference between external respiration and internal respiration

Back 25

External Respiration: is exchange of gases in lungs between lung alveoli and blood vessels. Internal Respiration: Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the body tissues and metabolism at cellular level

Front 26

Define Residual Volume?

Back 26

Residual Volume: the volume of the air still remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration.

Front 27

Name the two major muscles, that help in respiration process?

Back 27

Diaphragm and Intercostal muscles

Front 28

Define polypnea?

Back 28

shallow and rapid breathing (e.g. panting)

Front 29

Define hyperpnea?

Back 29

abnormal increase in rate and depth of breathing

Front 30

Define Dyspnea?

Back 30

Difficult breathing

Front 31

What happens during expiration?

Back 31

The expiration is a passive process. The diaphragm simple relaxes and inward movement of chest wall will compress the lungs and force the air outside.

Front 32

What happens during inspiration?

Back 32

During inspiration, diaphragm contract pushing abdominal contents caudally, making more room for lungs to expand.

Front 33

What would be the effect of punctured wound on thorax?

Back 33

Any punctured wound in thoracic cavity may destroy the intra-thoracic negative pressure leading to lungs collapse.

Front 34

Name the best site for blood collection required for blood-gas analysis.

Back 34

Femoral artery

Front 35

What is anatomical dead space?

Back 35

The respiratory pathway with air except the alveoli