Aswb S-Z

Front 1

Sanctions (By Supervisors)

Back 1

Corrective or disciplinary actions a supervisor may take in response to worker noncompliance, listed from least to most severe, include a review of the situation with the worker; a warning; a verbal reprimand if the behaviorcontinues; a written reprimand placed in the worker's file; a lower-than-average evaluation rating; suspension for a limited period; demotion; and dismissal. Other guidelines for taking disciplinary action include the following: (a) The supervisor's objective in applying a sanction should be preventative and corrective, not punitive. (b) The supervisor should respond in a timely way the first time a worker chooses to be noncompliant. (c) The supervisor should discuss in private with a worker any behavior that calls for a reprimand. (d) When delivering a reprimand, the supervisor should be impersonal, consistent, specific, and factual. (e) A reprimand tends to be more effective when the supervisor also communicates concern for the worker, listens to the worker's explanation of the situation and tries to understand how the worker sees it, and conveys a desire to help the worker improve or change.

Front 2

Satiation Vs. Habituation

Back 2

Satiation is the condition of being satisfied or gratified with regard to a particular reinforcer. Satiation is a problem with continuous reinforcement and with the use of primary (unconditioned) reinforcers. Satiation must be distinguished from habituation, which is the process of becoming accustomed (physiologically nonreactive) to a stimulus as a result of prolonged exposure to that stimulus. Habituation may occur when using punishment if the punishment is initially delivered at low intensity and thereafter gradually increased in intensity.

Front 3

Scales of Measurement (Statistics)

Back 3

The first consideration when choosing a statistical technique is usually the scale of measurement of the data that is to be described or analyzed. There are four different measurement scales- nominal, ordinal, interval, and ration- and each involves dividing a set of observations into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. The differences between the fours scales are that each provides a different kind of information and allows different mathematical operation to be performed.

Front 4

Scapegoating

Back 4

The process by which a family designates a member to be the object of displaced conflict or criticism. This family member is typically the identified patient. Commonly a child may become depressed or engage in delinquent behavior as a way of acting out stress in his/her parents' marriage.

Front 5

Schema

Back 5

A knowledge structure or framework about a particular topic or process that influences how information and events are interpreted and responded to.

Front 6

Schizoaffective Disorder

Back 6

Schizoaffective disorder is a psychotic disorder involving an uninterrupted period of disturbance during which there are concurrent symptoms of a mood disorder and the active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia, with at least a two-week period in which hallucinations and delusions are present WITHOUT predominant mood symptoms.

Front 7

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Back 7

Schizoid personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of detachment from interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings with at least four characteristic symptoms- doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships; almost always chooses solitary activities; has little interest in sexual relationships; takes pleasure in few activities; lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives; seems indifferent to praise or criticism; exhibits emotional coldness or detachment.

Front 8

Schizopheriniform Disorder

Back 8

The diagnostic criteria for schizophreniform disorder are identical to those for schizophrenia except that the disturbance is present for at least one month but less than six months and impaired social or occupational functioning may occur but is not required.

Front 9

Schizophernia

Back 9

A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires the presence of at least two active phase symptoms (i.e., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms) for at least one month, with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. There must be continuous signs of the disorder for at least six months, and symptoms must cause significant impairment in functioning. Treatment usually includes and antipsychotic drug, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, social skills training, supported employment, and other interventions for the individual with schizophrenia and psychosocial interventions for his/her family.

Front 10

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Back 10

Schizotypal personality disorder is diagnosed in the presence of (a) pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and (b) eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior as manifested by the presence of at least five symptoms (e.g., ideas of reference, odd beliefs or magical thinking that influence behavior, bodily illusions and other unusual perceptions, is suspicious or has paranoid ideation, inappropriate or constricted affect, lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives, excessive social anxiety).

Front 11

School Breakfast Program

Back 11

A federal program that provides states with cash assistance for nonprofit breakfast programs in schools and residential child care institutions.

Front 12

School Phobia/School Refusal

Back 12

Intense anxiety about going to school or being in school, usually accompanied by stomachache, headache, nausea, and other physical symptoms.

Front 13

School Social Work

Back 13

Social work practice in school settings that emphasizes enabling students to learn and function in the school environment. The school social worker mobilizes all facets of a student's life situation in an effort to foster a supportive learning environment for the student and serves as a vital link between the student's school, home, and community. School social workers adopt a strength-based and empowerment approach to their practice; they seek to identify and build on existing strengths within students and the social systems in which students must function.

Front 14

Scientific Management

Back 14

As described by Taylor, involves scientifically analyzing jobs into their component parts and then standardizing those parts; scientifically selecting, training, and placing workers in jobs for which they are mentally and physically suited; fostering cooperation between supervisors and workers to minimize deviation from scientific methods of work; and having managers and workers assume responsibility for their own share of their work. Taylor believed that employees are motivated primarily by economic self-interest and argued that money is the most effective motivator.

Front 15

Secondary Gain

Back 15

See "primary gain and secondary gain".

Front 16

Sculpting

Back 16

An adaptation of psychodrama in which family members position themselves (or objects that represent them) in a way that reflects their relations and roles within the family system. Can be useful for revealing family members' differing perceptions and feelings.

Front 17

Secondary Prevention

Back 17

Community mental health intervention that attempts to reduce the prevalence of mental disorders by reducing their duration through early detection and intervention (e.g., training teachers to recognize the early signs of behavior disorders and 24-hour emergency services such as walk-in clinics and hotlines).

Front 18

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer

Back 18

Reincorcers that are not inherently reinforcing but that acquire their reinforcing value through association with a primary reinforcer (e.g., tokens are reinforcing only because they can be exchanged for primary reinforcers).

Front 19

Second Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics (Clozapine)

Back 19

Clozapine and other atypical (newer) antipsychotic drugs affect receptors for several neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. These drugs are effective for both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and are less likely to produce tardive ddyskinesia than the traditional antipsychotics. However, they can produce agranulocystosis (loss of white blood cells that fight infection) and other blood dyscrasias, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Their use requires careful blood monitoring.

Front 20

Second Order Change

Back 20

Basic changes in the structure and functioning of a system that alter its fundamental organization. A symptomatic family can be said to undergo second order change when the therapeutic intervention fundamentally disrupts the pattern of symptomatic interaction so that it ceases.

Front 21

Section 8 Programs

Back 21

A social security program. Section 8 rental voucher and rental certificate programs are the federal government's major programs for assisting very low-income families, older adults, and the disabled to rent decent, safe, and sanitary housing in the private market. Because the rental assistance is provided on behalf of the family or individual, participants are able to find and lease privately owned housing, including single-family homes, townhouses, and apartments. The participant is free to choose any housing that meets the requirements of the program and is not limited to units located in subsidized housing projects. Eligibility for a rental voucher or certificate is determined by the local public housing authority based on total annual gross income and family size and is limited to U.S. citizens and specified categories of noncitizens who have eligible immigration status. Generally the family's income cannot exceed 50 percent of the median income for the county or metropolitan area in which the family chooses to live.

Front 22

Section 8 Single Room Occupancy (SRO)

Back 22

SRO housing assistance seeks to bring more standard single-room dwelling units into the local housing supply and to use those units to assist homeless individuals. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) contracts with public housing authorities (PHAs) to rehabilitate residential properties for SRO housing. PHAs make Section 8 rental assistance payments to participating owners on behalf of homeless individuals who rent the rehabilitated dwellings. The rental assistance payments cover the difference between a portion of the tenant's income (normally 30 percent) and the unit's rent, which must be within the fair marked rent established by HUD. Rental assistance for SRO units is provided for a period of 10 years.

Front 23

Sedative-Hypnotics (Benzodiazepines)

Back 23

The sedative-hypnotics include the barbiturates, anxiolytics, and alcohol. These drugs are generalized as CNS depressants, and their effects, for the most part, are dose dependent: At low doses, these drugs reduce arousal and motor activity; at moderate doses, they induce sedation and sleep; and at high doses, they can produce anesthesia, coma, and death. The benzodiazepines are a type of anxiolytic. Their side-effects include drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech, and other signs of CNS depression; abrupt cessation can cause rebound hyperexcitability. The benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed anxiolytic and are used to alleviate anxiety and treat sleep disturbances, seizures, cerebral palsy, and alcohol withdrawal. Common side-effects include drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, slurred speech, and impaired pschyomotor ability. They can also produce paradoxical agitation, impaired sexual functioning, confusion, and slee disturbances.

Front 24

Seeking Concreteness

Back 24

Interview technique used to determine the specific meaning of vague words that a client has used or to elicit specific information that might not otherwise be revealed. Having a client define or explain certain words helps the social worker understand the problem and prevents the worker from making assumptions.

Front 25

Selective Eligibility

Back 25

Social service delivery policy in which benefits and services are provided to only persons who meet specific, pre-established criteria; eligibility is often determined by using a means test. The amount of the benefit varies based on special needs, circumstances, or economic status.

Front 26

Self-Control Procedures

Back 26

Techniques administered by the client him/herself and most commonly used to increase behaviors that occur less frequently than desired or to decrease self-injurious behaviors. Include self-monitoring, stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment.

Front 27

Self-Determination

Back 27

Principle in social work practice that recoginizes clients' need and right to make their own decisions and choices.

Front 28

Self-Efficacy Beliefs

Back 28

Positive beliefs about one's self-efficacy (personal mastery) include feeling competent, effective, and in control of one's life. A person's self-efficacy beliefs determine how much effort he/she is willing to exert and how long he/she will continue to act when faced with obstacles.

Front 29

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Back 29

An expectation about a certain group, person, etc., that influences the way that group, person, etc. is perceived. Can occur when social workers or other therapists have biases about certain groups and may adversely affect treatment. For example, if a therapist believes the poor have low incomes because they are too lazy to work, he/she might not follow through on a poor client's request for vocational assistance.

Front 30

Self-Help Groups

Back 30

Groups intended to improve members' social functioning through a group experience and discussions with others who have, or had, similar problems or concerns. Examples of self-help groups include those through self-help organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, and Parents Without Partners. Many self-help groups rely on leaders who are also members of the group but some are led by professionals or by members who have received training on how to conduct and lead meetings.

Front 31

Self-Instructional Training

Back 31

A cognitive-behavioral technique in which the individual learns to modify maladaptive thoughts and behaviors through the use of covert self-statements.It was originally developed as a way to help impulsive and hyperactive children slow down their behaviors and guide themselves through academic and other types of tasks.

Front 32

Self-Monitoring (Behavior Therapy)

Back 32

Observational technique in which a client is asked to record information about the frequency and conditions surrounding a target behavior; the client may also be instructed to keep a journal of other important information such as his/her feelings and thoughts before, during, and after each occurrence of the behavior. Results provide detailed information about the behavior and the variables that influence it so that an appropriate intervention strategy can be developed and the effects of the intervention can be evaluated.

Front 33

Self-Monitoring (Social Psychology)

Back 33

The need for and ability to manage the impressions that others form of us. High self-monitors are most concerned about their "public self" and, consequently, strive to match their attitudes and behaviors to the situation. Low self-minotors are guided primarily by their own beliefs and values and attempt to alter the situation to match their "private self".

Front 34

Self-Report Inventories and Checklists

Back 34

Tools used to assess and diagnose specific client problems, determine the need for further assessment in specific areas, and facilitate treatment planning, monitoring, and outcome assessment. A useful alternative to longer psychological tests when the presence or severity of one problem, condition, or symptom is of particular concern. Are easy to administer and allow a social worker to learn a client's own perception of his/her problem; however, are susceptible to response sets on the part of the client, yield limited information, and must be supplemented with data from other sources.

Front 35

Sensate Focus

Back 35

Technique used in sex therapy to reduce performance anxiety and increase sexual excitement. Involves "nongenital pleasuring" initially, gradually building to genital stimulation with a ban on intercourse.

Front 36

Sensorimotor Stage

Back 36

First stage in Piaget's model of cognitive development (the first two years of life). During this stage, knowledge is acquired through the senses and motor behaviors. The end of this stage is marked by the emergence of symbolic thought and object permanence.

Front 37

Separation Anxiety

Back 37

A normal fear response exhibited by a young child when he/she is separated from his/her mother or other primary caregiver. Begins at about 6 to 8 months, increases in intensity at about 14 to 18 months, and thereafter declines.

Front 38

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Back 38

Separation anxiety disorder involves developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as evidenced by at least three symptoms (e.g., recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or major attachment figures, persistent excessive fear of being alone, repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from an attachment figure occurs or is anticipated. The disturbance must last at least four weeks in children and adolescents or six months in adults and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning.

Front 39

Separation-Individuation (Mahler)

Back 39

According to Mahler, the development of object relations occurs during a developmental stage termed separation-individuation, which begins at about age 4 months. Separation refers to the development of limits or the differentiation between the infant (self) and the mother; and individuation refers to the development of the infant's ego, sense of identity, and cognitive abilities.

Front 40

Service Delivery Systems

Back 40

Means of delivering health and human services within communities. Informal service-delivery units include household units and social networks; mediating service-delivery units include self-help groups, grassroots associations, and voluntary associations; and formal service-delivery units include nonprofit and for-profit private agencies and public agencies.

Front 41

Sexual Abuse (Children)

Back 41

The initiation of an interaction with a child by an adult or older child for the purpose of sexually gratifying or stimulating the adult or older child or another person (e.g., genital fondling, molestation, rape, incest, sexual exploitation, exhibitionism, pedophilia). The majority of victims are assaulted by someone they know and trust (e.g., a parent, parent surrogate, other relative, friend). Only a small minority of sexual abusers use physical violence; most use bribes, threats, and other forms of coercion and/or the existing relationship with the child to gain the child's cooperation.

Front 42

Sexual Prejudice, Sexual Stigma, Heterosexism (Herek)

Back 42

Herek (2004) argues that sexual prejudice is a more precise term than homophobia and describes sexual prejudice as all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Herek also uses the term heterosexism, which he defines as cultural ideologies or "systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions" that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals. Furthermore, stigma refers to "the shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community."

Front 43

Shaping

Back 43

(A.k.a. the method of "successive approximation.) Behavioral technique that involves teaching anew behavior through prompting and reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target behavior.

Front 44

Single-Subject Designs (e.g., AB, ABA, ABAB and multiple baseline designs)

Back 44

Research designs that involve obtaining repeated measurements from a single subject over a specific period of time to measure changes in behavior, attitudes, or beliefs. Each single-subject design includes at least one baseline (no treatment) phase and one treatment phase. As a result, the subject acts as his/her own no-treatment "control". In most single-subject designs, the dependent variable (behavior, attitude, or belief) is measured repeatedly at regular interventions throughout the baseline and treatment phases. If status on the dependent variable is stable within each phase of the study and change only at the same time that the independent variable (treatment) is applied or removed, then it is likely that the observed changes in the dependent variable is due to the effects of the independent variable rather than to history, maturation, or another extraneous factor.

Front 45

Situational Crises

Back 45

A crisis in which the origin is a sudden, random, shocking, and often catastrophic event that cannot be anticipated or controlled. Factors that determine whether a person will experience such an event as a crisis include his/her perception or interpretation of the event and available coping mechanisms and social supports.

Front 46

Sliding Fee Scale

Back 46

Practice in which clients are charged for services according to their ability to pay rather than on a flat-fee basis.

Front 47

Soap Charting

Back 47

Charting system used in many medical and mental health professions that entails classifying client information according to the acronym SOAP (Subjective information, Objective information, Assessments, and Plan).

Front 48

Social Action

Back 48

An organized effort to bring about institutional change; the goal is usually to meet a certain need, address a social problem, correct an injustice, or improve quality of life. An effort may be organized by professionals or by the people who are directly affected by the desired change or the problem.

Front 49

Social Action Model

Back 49

Community organizing model that focuses on redistributing power and resources through institutional change. The client system is a segment of the community that has experienced social injustice and, therefore, has difficulty making demands in the larger society. Community power centers are the targets of social change.

Front 50

Social Agency

Back 50

An organization or facility that delivers social services under the auspices of a board of directors and provides a range of social services for members of a population group that has or is vulnerable to a specific social problem.

Front 51

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

Back 51

Social anxiety disorder involves intense fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he/she will exhibit anxiety symptoms in these situations that will be negatively evaluated; he/she avoids the situations or endures them with intense fear or anxiety; and his/her fear or anxiety is not proportional to the threat posed by the situations. The fear, anxiety, and avoidance are persistent and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. Exposure with response prevention is an effective treatment, and its benefits may be enhanced when it is combined with social skills training or cognitive restructuring and other cognitive techniques.

Front 52

Social Assessment Reports

Back 52

Professional reports that describe the social aspects of a client's functioning and his/her situation (i.e., social history) with a particular focus on the match or lack of match between a client's needs and the resources available to meet his/her needs. Used by social workers to communicate to other professionals (e.g., interdisciplinary teams, doctors, psychologists, school personnel, judges) relevant social information about a client (or family) and are particularly useful when decisions are being made about the type of service or program that would be most appropriate for a client and/or when attempting to facilitate a client's adjustment to a new environment (e.g., foster home, nursing home).

Front 53

Social Capital

Back 53

The collection of values, beliefs, and behaviors that are followed by the members of a society and that contribute to the well-being of all. Social capital tends to be higher when people's sense of community is strong.

Front 54

Social Class

Back 54

A social category of persons based on wealth, status, power, educational attainment and background.

Front 55

Social Darwinism

Back 55

Ideology that assumes that income differences between the wealthy and the poor occur because the wealthy inherently are "more fit".

Front 56

Social Exchange Theory

Back 56

Proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. The purpose of exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs- people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships, and when risks outweigh rewards, people end or abandon a relationship.

Front 57

Social Functioning

Back 57

A person's motivation, capacity, and opportunity to (a) meet his/her basic needs (including performing tasks necessary for daily living such as obtaining food, shelter, and transportation) and (b) perform his/her major social roles as defined by his/her community and culture. Information about a client's need-meeting activities and social role performance provides valuable information about his/her current level of social functioning, including strengths and deficits.

Front 58

Social Network Grid

Back 58

Assessment tool used to identify a client's potential social supports with an emphasis on his/her perceptions and beliefs about them. Results can be used to help the client use his/her social supports more effectively.

Front 59

Social Networks

Back 59

Networks that include individuals or groups linked by a common bond, shared social status, similar or shared functions, or geographic or cultural connection. They develop and discontinue on an ad hoc basis, depending on specific need and interest. Types of social networks include support systems, natural social networks, self-help groups, and groups of formal organizations.

Front 60

Social Planning

Back 60

The use of organized procedures to achieve improved socioeconomic structures and manage social change in a rational way. Usually includes assigning an individual or organization to collect facts, defining several courses of action, and making recommendations to those with the power to carry out the plan.

Front 61

Social Planning Model

Back 61

Community organizing model that focuses on providing needed goods and services through a technical process that emphasizes fact-gathering, rational decision-making, and regulated change by experts, usually with the backing of an existing organization. The client system may include all residents of a geographic-spatial community or one of its segments. Community power centers are regarded as potential sponsors of social programs.

Front 62

Social Policy

Back 62

Laws and regulations established by a government that determine which social programs exist, what categories of clients are served, and who qualifies for a program. Social policy also sets standards regarding the type of services to be provided, the qualifications of service providers, etc., and rules for how money can be spent to help people and how these people will be treated.

Front 63

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

Back 63

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder involves persistent difficulties in the social use of language and nonverbal communication that limit effective communication, social participation, social relationships, academic achievement, or work performance. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes similar social communication deficits: If these deficits are present, a diagnosis of social (pragmatic) communication disorder can be made only if the person has never displayed the restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities that are associated with ASD.

Front 64

Social Security Act

Back 64

Federal legislation passed in 1935 and designed to help meet the economic needs of older people, dependant survivors, people with disabilities, and needy families. The two major provisions of the Act, in its original form, were a mandatory insurance program for workers funded by payroll taxes and matching employers contributions and a public assistance program financed by both federal and state treasuries.

Front 65

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)

Back 65

See "Disability Insurance".

Front 66

Sociocultural Risk

Back 66

Exists when a child lacks the basic material, social, and psychological necessities of life (e.g., food, water, shelter, love and affection, medical care, educational stimulation, positive social interactions). Children (and adults) who lack all or some of these necessities are at risk for impaired development and other deficiencies. Two key sources of sociocultural risk are "social impoverishment" (lack of critical social resources in a child's life) and "cultural impoverishment" (values that undermine a child's healthy development).

Front 67

Socioeconomic Class (or Status: SES)

Back 67

Categorization of groups of people according to level of income and education, value orientation, location of residence, etc. (e.g., upper, middle, and working classes).

Front 68

Solution-Focused Therapy

Back 68

Solution-focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attributes of problem (maladaptive) behavior is irrelevant and focus, instead, on solutions to problems. In therapy, the client is viewed as the "expert", while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist the client in recognizing and using his/her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals (e.g., the miracle question, exception questions, scaling questions).

Front 69

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Back 69

Consists of sensory nerves that carry information from the body's sense receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) and motor nerves that carry information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. The SNS governs activities that are ordinarily considered voluntary.

Front 70

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Back 70

See "WIC"

Front 71

Specific Phobia

Back 71

Specific phobia is categorized by intense fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, with the individual either avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with marked distress. The fear or anxiety is not proportional to the danger posed by the object or situation, is persistent (typically lasting for at least six months), and causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. The treatment-of-choice is exposure with response prevention (especially in vivo exposure).

Front 72

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Back 72

Antidepressant drugs that include Prozan and Zoloft. Exert their effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin. Side-effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, anxiety, headache, and anorexia. In comparison to the TCAs, the SSRIs are less cardiotoxic, safer in overdose, and less likely to produce cognitive impairments.

Front 73

Staff Development

Back 73

The procedure used by an agency to improve the job-related knowledge,skills, and attitudes of its staff. In-service training and educational supervision are examples of staff developmental procedures.

Front 74

Stakeholders

Back 74

People in a community with a particular interest in what happens with a social agency or program; they may be for or against the service or program. For a typical social service, there are usually three kinds of stakeholders: (a) patrons (those who provide support and/or legitimacy for the service or program), (b) agents and the social service agency (those who carry out the patrons' wishes and provide the services), and (c) clients (those who receive the services).

Front 75

Starting Where the Client Is

Back 75

Entails focusing on a client's priorities, including his/her primary concerns (what he/she considers important or wants to talk about) and current emotional state.

Front 76

Stereotypes

Back 76

Schemas about entire groups that contain oversimplified, rigid, and generalized impressions of members of those groups; these impressions are held despite the existence of individual differences among members of the group. A serious consequence of stereotyping is the devaluation of the individual which occurs when the people belonging to another group are no longer viewed as unique individuals- instead, all members of the group are presumed to have the same, often negative or inferior, characteristics.

Front 77

Stimulus Control

Back 77

In operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior does or does not occur due to the presence (or absence) of discriminative stimuli. Positive discriminative stimuli signal that a behavior will be reinforced; negative discriminative stimuli (S-delta stimuli) signal that a behavior will not be reinforced.

Front 78

Stimulus Discrimination and Experimental Neurosis

Back 78

In classical conditioning, stimulus discrimination training is used to teach an organism to respond with a CR only in the presence of certain stimuli- i.e., in the presence of the original CS. Sometimes, when discriminations are difficult, the organism will exhibit "experimental neurosis" (i.e., it will exhibit unusual behaviors such as restlessness, aggressiveness, or fear).

Front 79

Stimulus Generalization

Back 79

In operant and classical conditioning, stimulus generalization refers to responding with a particular response to similar stimuli. In classical conditioning, it refers to responding to stimuli similar to the CS with the CR; in operant conditioning, the term is used to describe responding to stimuli similar to the discriminative stimuli with the target behavior.

Front 80

Stranger Anxiety

Back 80

A normal fear response to strangers exhibited by young children. Begins at about 8 to 10 months of age and declines during the second year.

Front 81

Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)

Back 81

Family therapy approach that focuses on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships; focuses on symptom relief (rather than insight); and involves the use of specific strategies, especially paradoxical techniques and homework assignments. Influenced by structural family therapy, the communication/interaction school, and the work of Milton Erickson.

Front 82

Strengths Perspective

Back 82

An approach that requires attention to a client's (or community's) strengths and resources during assessment and intervention and serves as a counterbalance to the focus on problems, deficiencies,and pathology that characterizes many commonly used practice theories and models.

Front 83

Stress Inoculation

Back 83

A cognitive-behavioral technique used to help individuals cope with stressful and other aversive states by enhancing their coping skills. It includes three stages; cognitive (education), skills acquisition, and application.

Front 84

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)

Back 84

Family therapy approach that emphasizes altering the family's structure (rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. Involves joining the family system, evaluating the family structure, and then restructuring the family using several techniques such as enactment and reframing. Focus is on behavior change rather than achieving insight.

Front 85

Sublimation

Back 85

A defense mechanism. A type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially acceptable, even admirable, activity. Considered to be a "mature" defense mechanism (i.e., it is common in "healthy" adults).

Front 86

Subpoena

Back 86

A written legal document requiring a person to appear in court to testify at a certain time and/or to produce certain written records.

Front 87

Subpoena Duces Tecum

Back 87

Subpoena requiring a witness who is called to bring to court, or to a deposition, any relevant documents he/she possesses.

Front 88

Substance-Induced Disoreders

Back 88

The substance-induced disorders include substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The latter "are potentially severe, usually temporary, but sometimes persisting central nervous system (CNS) syndromes that develop in the context of the effects of substances of abuse, medications, or toxins" (APA, 2013, p. 487) and include, among others, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, and substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorders.

Front 89

Substance Use Disorders

Back 89

The substance use disorders are characterized by "a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems" (APA, 2013, p. 483) as manifested by at least two symptoms during a 12-month period. The characteristic symptoms can be categorized in terms of four groups: (a) impaired control (e.g., substance used in larger amounts or for a longer period of time than intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use, craving for the substance); (b) social impairment (e.g., recurrent substance used despite persistent social problems caused or worsened by substance use, important activities given up due to substance use); (c) risky use (e.g., continued substance use despite knowing that doing so creates a physical or psychological problem); and (d) pharmacological criteria (tolerance, withdrawal).

Front 90

Subsystem

Back 90

An element or functional component that, is itself, a system but also plays a specialized role in the operation of a larger system. The family system differentiates and carries out its functions through the subsystems. In a family, subsystems include the individual, spouse, parent, and sibling.

Front 91

Subtle Racism

Back 91

Term used to describe a less blatant (more covert) form of racism, which some authors contend has replaced "old-fashioned" (overt) prejudice and discrimination. Typically refers to the beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals rather than institutions.

Front 92

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

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The unexpected death of an infant for which no physical cause can be found. Although the cause of SIDS is unknown, SIDS occurs more often in low-birth-weight infants, premature infants, infants with low Apgar scores, infants who sleep on their stomachs, infants with a sibling who previously died of SIDS, and male infants. Maternal risk factors include young age, low SES, smoking, drug abuse during pregnancy, closely spaced pregnancies, and inadequate prenatal care.

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Summarization (Summarizing)

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A verbal message from a social worker that ties together functionally related elements that occur at different times in the helping process.

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Summative Evaluation (Direct Practice Evaluation)

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An assessment of the final outcome of an intervention; also identifies factors that contributed to the relative success or failure of an intervention.

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Summative Evaluation (Program Evaluation)

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Describes the research goal once a program has been developed and implemented- i.e., the goal is to evaluate the program's effects. Summative evaluation is most useful when it involves a true or quasi-experimental research approach. Summative evaluation results may be generalized to other programs, situations, and populations and used to make decisions about closing programs or opening other programs similar to the one that was evaluated.

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Superego

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For Freud, the structure of the psyche that represents society's standards of right and wrong (the conscience) and the individual's own aims and aspirations (ego ideal). Develops at age 4 or 5 years, primarily as the result of identification with one's parents.

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Superordinate Goals

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Goals that can be achieved only when individuals or members of different groups work together cooperatively.These have been found useful for reducing intergroup conflict.

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Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

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A social security program. A federal income supplement program funded by general tax revenues (not social security taxes). SSI is designed to help aged, blind, and disabled people who have little or no income and provides cash to meet basic needs for food,clothing, and shelter. Basic requirements for SSI eligibility involve citizenship, income, financial resources, age, and disability. Since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, SSI eligibility is generally restricted to U.S. citizensliving in one of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, or the Northern Mariana Islands. However,eligibility is still possible for noncitizen members of certain classes of refugees or asylees, active or retired military personnel and their families, and lawful permanent residents who have earned or can be credited with 40 quarters of social security covered employment.

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Supportive Counseling

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Counseling in which the emphasis is on providing reassurance, guidance, support, encouragement, explanation, and opportunities to express emotions and reinforcing a client's healthy and adaptive patterns of thought and behavior.

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Supportive Supervision

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Supervision function concerned with providing psychological and interpersonal resources that enable workers to function effectively on an emotional level.

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Support System

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An interrelated group of people, resources, and organizations that provide an individual with emotional, informational, material, and affectional support and can be called on in times of need. The members of a person's support system may include his/her family members, friends and other peers, coworkers, membership organizations, and institutions.

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Sustainment Interventions

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Relationship-building activities used primarily in the initial phase of the change process to reduce a client's feelings of anxiety or guilt, increase his/her self-esteem, and instill a sense of hope. Examples include acceptance, reassurance, and encouragement.

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Symbolic (Modern) Racism

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A theory about current, less blatant forms of racism that reflect a combination of anti-African-American attitudes, strong support for traditional American values (e.g., the work ethic), and a belief that African-Americans violate those values.

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Symbolic (Representational) Thought

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The ability to use word, actions, and other symbols to represent objects and experiences. Emerges at the end of Piaget's sensiomotor stage of development. Also referred to as "symbolic capacity".

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Symmetrical Communication

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Communication that occurs between equals and may escalate into a competitive one-upmanship game.

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Sympathetic Division

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The division of the autonomic nervous system involved in the mediation of flight or fight (emergency) reactions. Activation produces increased heart rate, pupil dilation, increase blood sugar, and inhibition of the digestive processes.

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Systematic Desensitization

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A classical conditioning procedure based on counterconditioning (reciprocal inhibition). It involves pairing hierarchically-arranged anxiety-evoking stimuli with relaxation in order to eliminate the anxiety response.

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Systematic Ecleccticism

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An approach to selecting intervention strategies for a client that entails choosing interventions from different practice perspectives, theories, and models based on how well they match a client's problem and the empirical research showing the interventions to be effective.

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TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families)

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Social security program that provides assistance and work opportunities to needy families by granting states federal funds and flexibility to develop and implement their own welfare programs. TANF places restrictions on recipients (e.g., most recipients must work after no more than two years on cash assistance, families receiving assistance for five cumulative years may become ineligible for cash aid).

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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Potentially irreversible side-effect associated with long-term use of first-generation (typical) antipsychotic drug. Symptoms include rhythmical, stereotyped movements of the muscles of the face, limbs, and trunk (similar to Huntington's chorea). In some cases, symptoms are alleviated by a GABA antagonist or by gradual withdrawal of the drug.

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Task Groups (Task Forces)

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Temporary groupings created to achieve a specific, predefined goal or function. At an agency, for example, task group meetings of various forms provide a forum for staff to exchange information and give and receive feedback and support, for tasks to be distributed, and for planning, decision-making, and problem-solving.

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Team Service Delivery

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Participatory management approach in which a team of workers is given responsibility for performing the primary tasks of supervision. The supervisor is just another member of the team, bus has somewhat higher status- he/she acts as consultant, coordinator, and resource person an, when necessary, as a team leader. The group is authorized to make decisions but final decisions must be approved by the supervisor.

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Telemental Health Services

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Mental health services that are delivered to a client not in a face-to-face setting. This can include email, internet therapy, videoconferencing, chat rooms, social media, etc.

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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

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See "TANF"

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Teratogens

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Substances (e.g, alcohol,, nicotine, lead, amphetamines and other drugs, certain medications) that cross the placental barrier and cause defects in the embryo or fetus. The different organs are most susceptible to the effects of teratogens at different times but, overall, exposure during the embryonic stage is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities.

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Tertiary Prevention

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Community mental health intervention that attempts to reduce the duration of mental disorders by reducing their duration and consequences (e.g., rehabilitation programs and halfway houses).

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Theory X and Theory Y

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According to McGregor,Theory X mangers believe that employees dislike work and avoid it whenever possible, and, as a result, must be directed and controlled. In contrast, Theory Y managers view work as being "as natural as play" and assume that employees are capable of self-control and self-direction.

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Therapeutic Paradox

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When a therapist uses a therapeutic paradox, he/she uses an intervention that may seem contradictory to the therapeutic objectives. Yet, the goal of the therapeutic paradox is to bring about desired change that is consistent with the goals of therapy. Prescribing the symptom is an example of a therapeutic paradox.

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Therapist-Client Matching

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Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown that it increases the duration of treatment but does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes.

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Thinning Versus Fading (Behavioral Therapy)

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Thinning refers to the process of other provider of services to a client by an insurance company or government funding agency.

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Third-Party Payment

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Monetary reimbursement made to the social worker, agency, or other provider of services to a client by an insurance company or government funding agency.

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Time-Out

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A form of negative punishment in which the individual is removed from all opportunities for reinforcement for a prespecified period of time following a misbehavior in order to decrease the occurrence of that behavior.

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Time-Series Comparison

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Technique for collecting and displaying data that provides data from repeated observations over time. It displays trends in the variable(s) of interest, which can help predict future needs and cost based on assumptions about these trends.

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Title XX of the Social Security Act

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An amendment to the Social Security Act designed to prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency on welfare and change how social services were delivered to low-income people. Under Title XX ("Social Services Block Grant," 1974), states received funding for social service programs through block grants from the federal government which increased their flexibility in determining where to allocate the funds.

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Tourette's Disorder

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Tourette's disorder is characterized by the presence of at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may appear simultaneously or at different times, may wax and wane in frequency, have persisted for more than one year, and began prior to age 18.

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Tracking (Family Therapy)

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Structural family therapy technique in which the therapist helps the family elaborate the details of behaviors in order to clarify the nature of it problem. Permits the family a new and expanded version of reality, thereby taking the focus off of the identified or index patient.

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Transference

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A client's experience of feelings, attitudes, fantasies, etc., toward the therapist, which represent a projection or displacement and repetition of reactions to a significant other person in the client's past. Freud considered transference to be a form of resistance and the cornerstone of psychoanalysis.

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Transference Neurosis

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The "artificial neurosis" that occurs during the course of psychoanalysis and that involves the development of transference.

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Transfer Payments

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Used to fund some social security programs. Involve taking cash benefits from one group and redirecting them to another group (i.e., through withholding payroll money and placing it in the federal treasury, which then distributes the funds to the eligible group).

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Transgender

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Refers to a person whose gender identity differs from assigned sex at birth. May choose to participate in hormone treatment and reconstructive surgery to change genital or secondary sex characteristics.

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Transtheoretical Model

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Prochaska and DiClemente's model of behavior change that proposes that change involves six stages: precontemplation (the person is unaware of his/her problem or unwilling to change it); contemplation (the person is considering the possibility of change but remains ambivalent); determination (a person's decisional balance tips in favor of change and he/she becomes ready an determined to change); action (the person takes action to make the desired change); maintenance (the goals are to sustain the change accomplished through action and to prevent relapse); and relapse (may occur before the person achieves stable change and is considered a normal part of the change process, especially when a person is attempting to change a longstanding behavior or pattern).

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Trauma-Informed Care

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"A strengths-based framework that is responsive to the impact of trauma, emphasizing physical, psychological, and emotional safety for both service providers and survivors; and creates opportunities for survivors to rebuild a sense of control and empowerment" (Mental Health Coordinating Council, 2017).

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Treatment Manuals

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Originally developed to assist in research and training but are now considered a means of delivering empirically supported treatments (ESTs) to clients with specific disorders. Manuals have several advantages: They provide a theoretical framework for understanding a client's symptoms/disorder; offer concrete descriptions of therapy techniques; and present case examples that illustrate the appropriate application of the techniques. However, like practice guidelines, treatment manuals do not take into account a client's unique characteristics or nonspecific factors that have been linked to positive treatment outcomes.

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Traingling

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The process in which a third person is introduced into a dyadic relationship to balance either excessive intimacy or distance and, thereby, provide stability in the system. Associated with the work of Bowen.

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Triangulation

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According to Minuchin, a form of rigid triad involving usually two parents and a child. In triangulation, the two parents avoid conflict by involving the child, thereby stabilizing their own relationship. For example, each parent may demand that the child side with him/her in a conflict with the other. The child is then paralyzed, for no matter how he/she responds, he/she is defined by one of the parents as attacking. Although originally defined by Minuchin and others as it related to the parents and a child, triangulation can refer to any triad in which the conflict of two individuals involves a third person in a way that immobilizes the third person in a loyalty conflict.

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Tricyclics (Imipramine, Clomipramine)

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The triciclyc antidepressants (TCAs) are believed to work by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. They are most effective for alleviating somatic, vegetative symptoms. Side-effects include anticholinergic effects, confusion, drowsiness, weight gain, and cardiovascular symptoms. Imipramine has also been found useful for treating enuresis, while clomipramine is an effective treatment for panic disorder, agoraphobia, bulimia nervosa, and OCD.

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True Experimental Research

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Experimental research that provides the investigator with maximal experimental control.Most important, when conducting a true experimental research study, an investigator can randomly assign subjects to groups which make it easier to determine if observed variability in the dependent variable was actually caused by the different levels of the independent variable.

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Uncomplicated Bereavement

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Uncomplicated bereavement is included in the DSM-5 with other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention and is described as "a normal reaction to the death of a loved one" (APA, 2013, p. 716). Uncomplicated bereavement may include symptoms of a major depressive episode, but the individual usually experiences the symptoms as normal and may be seeking treatment for insomnia, anorexia, or other associated symptoms.

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

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In classical conditioning, the response naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (US) without conditioning.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

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In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally elicits the target response (unconditioned response, UR) without conditioning. In Pavlov's original studies, meat powder was the US and salivation was the UR.

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Undoing

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A defense mechanism. Occurs when a person repeatedly engages in a behavior to undo the effects of a past action that he/she has found to be unacceptable. The behavior is typically the opposite of the unacceptable action.

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Undocumented Status

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A person is a non-citizen residing in the United States with expired or nullified immigration documents or no documents at all. Also known as an undocumented alien, this individual entered the United States illegally and is deportable if apprehended. The term also refers to a person who entered the United States legally but has fallen "out of status" and is therefore deportable.

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Unemployment Insurance

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Social security program designed to provide partial income replacement to regularly employed members of the labor force who become involuntarily unemployed. Unemployment benefits are available as a matter of right (i.e., without a means test) to unemployed workers who have demonstrated their attachment to the labor force by a specified amount of recent work and/or earnings in covered employment. All workers whose employers contribute to or make payments in lieu of contributions to state unemployment funds are eligible if they become involuntarily unemployed and are able to work, available for work, and actively seeking work, and register at a public employment office. Workers must also meet the eligibility and qualifying requirements of their state's law. Workers who meet these eligibility conditions may be denied benefits if they are found to be responsible for their own unemployment. The benefit may be reduced if the worker is receiving certain types of income- pension, back pay, or workers' compensation for temporary or partial disability. Unemployment benefits are subject to federal income taxes.

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Universal Eligibility

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Social service delivery policy in which benefits or services are provided in the same amount to all individuals in the nation rather than on the brasis of need, circumstances, or economic status. This policy can take the form of universal programs, such as OASDI ("social security") and Medicare. Universal programs are open to everyone who falls into a certain category; people are not required to undergo tests of need or income.

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Universalization

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A form of reassurance that involves explaining to the client that his/her thoughts, feelings, or behavior are similar to those of other people in similar circumstances. The purpose is to counteract the client's perception that his/her feelings or behaviors are strange or abnormal.

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Utilization Review

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Method of service evaluation that assesses the kind and amount of service that exists and is provided in order to determine if the service is warranted. May be used to determine the over- or underutilization of services. Most often conducted when an agency receives governmental or other outside funding.

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Validity

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The usefulness of a test- i.e., the extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure.

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Values (of the Social Work Profession)

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Principles and standards of conduct for social workers, which include the following: (a) a commitment to the primary importance of the individual in society; (b) respect for the confidentiality of relationships with clients; (c) a commitment to social change to meet socially recognized needs; (d) a willingness to keep personal feelings and needs separate from professional relationships; (e) a willingness to transmit knowledge and skills to others; (f) respect and appreciation for individual and group differences; (g) a commitment to develop clients' ability to help themselves; (h) a willingness to persist in efforts on behalf of a client despite frustration; (i) a commitment to social justice and the economic, physical, and mental well-being of all persons in society; and (j) a commitment to a high standard of personal and professional conduct.

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Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

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In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is applied after a varying amount of time (with the average time interval being predetermined). Associated with a smooth rate of responding.

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Variable Ration (VR) Schedule

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In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is applied after a varying number of responses (with the average number of responses being predetermined). Associated with a high, stable rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction.

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Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder

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Vascular neurocognitive disorder is diagnosed when the criteria for major or mild neurocognitive disorder are met, the clinical features are consistent with a vascular etiology, and there is evidence of cerebrovascular disease from the individual's history,a physical examination, and/or neuroimaging that is considered sufficient to account for his/her symptoms. This disorder often has a stepwise,fluctuating course with a patchy pattern of symptoms that is determined by the location of the brain damage.

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Vegetative Symptoms

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Consist of sleep disturbances, changes in appetite or weight loss, loss of energy or frequent fatigue, and changes in sexual function. Useful for diagnostic screening purposes because they may indicate a serious mental disorder. If a client reports vegetative symptoms, the social worker should find out whether they reflect a change from the client's previous functioning.

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Ventilation Procedures

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Techniques used to assist clients to identify and appropriately express their feelings (e.g., techniques that encourage verbalization). Effective for establishing a foundation for self-exploration and rational discussion in work with a client because, once verbalized, a client's emotions become more accessible to support and reassurance from the social worker.

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Vertical Community

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Consists of external linkages that connect community units (people, groups, organizations) to units outside the community and provide a way for local communities to reach out to other systems (groups, organizations, and other communities). Decisions made by organizations outside the boundaries of a local community may not always be in the best interests of the community.

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Veterans' Benefits

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Provided under the Social Security Act. Eligibility for most veterans benefits is based on discharge from active military service under other than dishonorable conditions for a minimum period specified by law. Many of the benefits and services provided to veterans were adopted to help war veterans readjust to civilian life. These benefits include, but are not limited to, disability compensation, benefits for survivors, health care, and educational assistance and training.

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Vicarious Liability

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The legal principle that civil liability may extend to a defendant's employer, supervisor, etc. A client who sues a social worker for malpractice may include the worker's agency and/or supervisor as co-defendants. In other words, by delegating tasks, a supervisor shares some of his/her authority with a supervisee who may be empowered to make decisions and take actions when doing an assigned task. The supervisor, however, retains ultimate responsibility for the work he/she assigns and delegates (i.e., if the work is performed incompetently, the supervisor is responsible for having delegated it to a worker who was not competent to perform it).

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Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland-II)

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Appropriate for individuals from birth to age 90 and designed to evaluate personal and social skills of individuals with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, brain injury, or major neurocognitive disorders (i.e., dementia), and for assisting in the development of educational and treatment plans.

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Viral Loads and CD4 Counts (HIV/AIDS)

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HIV viral load is the number of copies of the human immunodeficiency virus in a person's blood and other parts of his/her body. Keeping the viral load low can reduce complications of HIV disease and extend a person's life. The CD4 count measures the number of CD4 cells in a sample of blood and is a good indicator of how strong a person's immune system is. The CD4 count is also useful for identifying the stage of a person's HIV disease. Keeping the CD4 count high can reduce complications of HIV disease and extend a person's life. (CD4 cells, also called T-helper cells, are a type of white blood cell that fights infection.)

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Vulnerable State (Crisis)

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A person's subjective response to stressful events. Is marked by an increase in anxiety, which the person attempts to relieve by using his/her customary coping strategies. If these are unsuccessful, the person's tension continues to rise and eventually he/she is unable to function effectively.

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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

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Proposes that cognitive development is always first interpersonal (when the child interacts with an adult or other teacher) and then intrapersonal (when the child internalizes what he/she has learned). Additionally, cognitive development is fostered when instruction targets the "zone of proximal development," which is defined by what a child can currently do alone and what he/she can accomplish with assistance from a parent, teacher, or more experienced peer.

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Warm-Up Period

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A brief period of "small talk" that may be used at the beginning of an interview to help a client feel more comfortable before he/she begins self-disclosing. Is most appropriate to use when a client appears resistant or defensive and is also useful with many adolescent clients .

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WIC Program

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Social security program that provides a combination of food, nutrition counseling, and access to health services to low-income women, infants, and children who are at nutritional risk. Among its goals are to improve fetal development and reduce the incidence of low birth-weight, short gestation, and anemia through intervention during the prenatal period. Participants receive food supplements, nutrition education, and access to health care services to maintain and improve their health and development. Most states provide WIC vouchers that can be used at authorized retail food stores for specific foods that are rich sources of nutrients. Pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children up to age 5 are eligible. They must meet income guidelines and a state residency requirement and be determined to be at "nutritional risk" by a health professional.

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Workers' Compensation

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Social security program that provides benefits to individuals with injuries or diseases traceable to industrial accidents and with certain occupational diseases. The befits provided include periodic cash payments and medical services to the worker during a period of disablement, and death and funeral benefits to the worker's survivors. Lump-sum settlements are permitted under most programs.

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Zero-Based Budgeting

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Budgeting system in which an agency starts from scratch, or with a "clean slate," at the beginning of each year (i.e., it starts with no money) and must describe and justify every financial request it makes for the coming year.