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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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power
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-rate of energy transfer
-measured in watts (= joules) |
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matter
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-emit
-absorb -transmit -reflect/scatter |
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light
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-electromagnetic wave
-pieces: photons -wL, Fr, energy |
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forms of light
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-XR
-UV -IR -Radiowaves -Microwaves -Visible -Gamma Rays |
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matter
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-atoms (pro+, neutron (neutral), elec-)
-isotope (diff. # of neutrons) -molecule (2+ atoms) |
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isotope
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-same amount of protons
-dif amount of neutrons |
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phases
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-liq, gas, solid, plasma
-g straight to s - sublimation -dissociation |
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dissociation
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-high temps
-ionization: strips electrons -turns into a plasma |
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energy levels
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-cannot start in an excited state
-only certain energy levels -one or the other, no in btw |
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continuous spectrum
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-rainbow
-thermal radiation: can find temp -nothing blocking the light |
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absorption spectrum
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colors, missing black spaces
-colors are missing -more colors -cool cloud btw light source |
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emission spectrum
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-black background
-colors against it -more black |
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doppler effect
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-how fast something is moving towards/away
-shorter wL: blueshift (Toward) -longer wL: redshift (Away) |
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telescope parts
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-focus/focal plane
-light collecting area = Ang. Res. (separation of objects) |
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refracting telescope v. reflecting telescope
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-Bending/Lens
-Reflectin/Mirror |
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uses of a telescope
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-imaging
-spectroscopy (object's spectra) -time monitoring (how brightness changes with time) |
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ground restrictions of a telescope
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-light pollution
-turbulence (twinkling) -adaptive optics overcame this but they work better in space |
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interferometry
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multiple telescopes working together to get better detail/ang res
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clues to SS formation
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-rot/orbit organization
-2 groups of planets -huge # of com/ast -exceptions to patterns |
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nebular theory
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-solar nebula cloud collapsed into itself
-orderly patterns -flatter, hotter, faster disc |
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2 types
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-planetismals: accretion
-beyond the frost line: where ices can condense -rocks/metals -ices: hy compounds, gases |
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asteroids/comets
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-leftovers
-heavy bombardment: when most craters formed -collisions/craters -Oort Cloud, Kuiper belt -asteroid belt |
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exceptions
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-collisions
-close encounters with planetismals -giant impact (material from mantle): moon |
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age of ss
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-radiometric dating
-decay, half life -4.5 by |
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atmosphere
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-layer of gas that surrounds
-creates pressure -absorb/scatter sunlight -create wind/weather -w/ solar wind: magnetosphere -GHE |
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Greenhouse effect
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-GH gases absorb visible light
-reemit infrared -the gases make slow their escape -creates heat -heats up planet -would be below freezing w/o it |
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earth's atm
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1. troposphere (GH gas warming)
2. Stratosphere (ozone absorbs UV - only on E) 3. Thermosphere (solar X rays absorbed) 4. Exosphere (lower density, thins out) |
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weather/climate
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-daily/average
-wind patterns - created by atm warming and coriolis effect (rotation) -convection in Trop = clouds/precipitation |
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factors of long term change
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-axis tilt
-solar brightening -reflectivity -GH gas changes |
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losing gas
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-condensation
-chem reactions -stripped by solar wind -thermal escape |
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gaining gas
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-outgassing
-evaporation -sublimation -surface ejection |
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Mercury/Moon atm
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-thin exos
-surface ejection -impacts/craters -some vol/tec -little activity |
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Mars
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-cold/dry
-low pressure -frozen water -co2 conden/sub - winds/dust storms -changed bc: Loss of gas -basically dead: small size -olympus mons: shield volcano -mostly co2 |
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Venus
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-thick co2 atm: run. GHE
-runaway GHE: hot -no axis tilt/slow rot - no wind/weather/seasons |
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Earth
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-oceans and rocks deal with co2
-stable climate: co2 cycle -human activity: glob warming |
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watts
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watts x seconds
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green grass
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reflects green
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97 megahertz
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el move up/down 97 mil/sec
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why is light an ele.mag. wave?
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passage of light causes chemical particles to move up/down
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x rays
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faster
-radio waves: slower |
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doubly ionized
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+2 charge, 6 el = 8 total
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electrons do not
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orbit the nucleus like planets
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does not produce a good thermal spectrum
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hot/thin gas
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thermal radiation
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-hot objects emit more radiation per unit than cool ones
-shape depends on temp |
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red star
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cooler than sun
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neptune's spectra
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missing red (blue color)
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a spectrum cannot find
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radius
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rotating faster
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wider spectral lines
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difference btw energy and power
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power - rate of of energy
-energy - unit of energy / unit of time |
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visible light can be spread by a prism or a
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diffraction grating
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frequency and speed of light can find
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wL and energy
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shortest to longest wL
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-Gamma
-X -UV -Visible -IR -Radio |
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light lower than what we can see
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-infrared
-radio |
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opaque to UV
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absorbs and reflects
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difference btw elements
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protons (isotopes: neutrons) (ion - less electrons than p)
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atomic mass #
# |
13 - add both
6 - protons |
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4 protons, make it neutral
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4 electrons - cancel out
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fewer electrons than protons
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ion
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to find chem comp
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wL
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where you get a clear image
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focal plane
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detector
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retina
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diffraction limit
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best ang res without complications
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adaptive optics
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reduces blurring (turbulence: twinkling)
-Keck I |
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on ground visibility
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-visible, radio, limited UV/IR
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interferometry
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-multiple tels working together
-better ang res |
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distortion/color
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air scattering affects the path of light
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to record a faint image
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-lots of pixels
-long exposure |
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not a major com/ast
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all orbit in the same place
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not a dif btw ast/com
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comets do not just float, they also orbit
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e = mc 2 and the sun
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explains why mass is burned off by energy (loss of mass)
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not true of Eris
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it is not a new class of object
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why pluto is more like a comet
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mostly ice/rock
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skimming mars' atmosphere
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saves money bc rockets aren't needed
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not true of pluto
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not largest mass to be called a dwarf planet
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disc: hotter/smaller
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conser. of energy
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disc: faster/smaller
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conser. of ang mom
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disc shape
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collisions of particles
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the solar wind
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-combines with particles - aurora bor.
-strips away gas -not stronger today |
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earth's water
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brought by ice planetismals
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jovian moons
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-backwards orbit
-steep plane (not many comets/ast) -so many moons: condensation/accretion in the gas disks while forming |
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why terr planets are more dense
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formed in the center of the disc: more dense
-not many ast/com bc they are so dense: hardly any leftovers -origin of materials: stars that lived/died before |
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HALF LIFE
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every half life: decay DOUBLES
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lithosphere
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-if it was thicker: no liq water/hotter sur temp
-thin -btw mantle and crust |
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cont crust less dense than sea floor
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eruption material from subduction
-sea crust: thinner, denser, younger |
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plate tectonics factors
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-mantle convection
-thin litho |
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heat processes
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-accretion
-convection -thermal radiation |
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convection
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-warm "air" rising and expanding
-cool falling and contracting |
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magnetic field
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-metal core
-rapid rotation -charged/magnetized particles are affected |
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subduction zone
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seafloor goes under continental crust
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what happened to water on venus?
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h2o molecules split and hydrogen escaped
-Deuterium |
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why do we have a stratosphere?
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photosynthetic life
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co2
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-cycle, balances temp: builds in the atm and more GHE happens
-stuck in rocks -tectonics -liq water |
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bar
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unit of pressure, standard: earth's sea level
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magnetosphere
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around planet where charged particles can be trapped
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circulation cells
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-keep the poles cold
-balances climate |
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why is mars red?
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chem reactions from rock/oxygen
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