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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At 2/3/4 months which vaccines are given?
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DTP
Men C Hib Pertussis PCV (2+4) |
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Are these vaccines alive or dead?
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They are all dead
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At 12-15 moths what vaccinations are given?
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MM
PCV Men C |
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Are these vaccines alive or dead?
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MMR is live
PCV and Men C are dead |
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At school entry which vaccines are given?
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MMR
DTP Pertussis |
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Are these vaccines alive or dead?
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MMR is live
DTP and Pertussis are dead |
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What serial measurements are investigated when assessing immune function?
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CRP
CD4 |
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Which acute phase proteins are measured when assessing immune function?
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C4
C3 Igs CRP |
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What clinical features are measured specifically?
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Temp and pulse
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What other investigations are carried out?
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Bacteriology
Virology Observation for characteristic disease patters such as fever in malaria or typhoid |
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How is autoimmunity reported by the lab?
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N/WP/P/SP
Alternatively as a titre or in units |
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How is a diagnosis of allergy made?
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From the history
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Name 3 other ways in which allergy can be assessed?
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IgE expressed in logarithmic way (Down regulated in urticaria)
IgG responses to vaccines = TH2 response Patch tests/ BCG/ Heaf = TH1 response |
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How is allergy confirmed?
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Skin prick test = (IgE) end point of TH2 response
Skin prick tests - antihistamines Witness attack Total serum IgE concentration and relevant allergen specific IgE |
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What is neohelometry?
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Measurement of antigen- AB reactions
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How does nephelometry work?
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Light rays pass through a tube containing AG-AB on to an electronic detector
Signal is converted to a digital recording of the amount of turbidity in the tube |
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What is Stokes shift?
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The difference in wave length between positions of the band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra (e.g fluorescence) of the same electronic transmission
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What does fluorescence and flow cytometry test for?
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Cell granularity
Cell count and cell size |
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What is the emission spectra?
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Waves are different labels
Measure levels of AB on same cell |
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How is a cell function assay carried out?
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Flow cytrometry
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What is the disadvantage of flow cytometry?
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Laborius
Expensive |
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What is available via flow cytometry?
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Lympocyte to mitogens, anigens
Lymphocyte activation Phagocyte activation Intracellular antigen classification |
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How are separated analytes detected by report systems?
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Staining of gels by chemicals
Fluorescent product formation Radioactivity Enzyme catalyzing substrate |
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How are the analytes separated?
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Gel separation
Onsolid phase (ELISA) By flow (Capillary electrophoresis/ flow cytometry) From solution (Nephelometry) |
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What is the solid phase?
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Principle of immunofluorescence
UV light Protein sticks to protein Wash |
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What are the different methods of the solid phase?
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ELISA
Indirect immunofluorescence Ligand RAST/ FEIA |
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What are gels and solutions used for and how do they work?
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Agarose polymer
Electrophoretic current- protein antigens Wash gel and stain- show Ags Pyroprotein levels indicate myeloma CSF show oligoclonal results |
