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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name one screening tool and one assessment tool.
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Screening Tool- Denver II Developmental Screening Test
Assessment Tool- Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
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What is the difference between screening and readiness tests?
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Screening: identification of developmental delays
Readiness: school readiness, “seamless” transition to next level, curriculum fits together |
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Readiness:
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Assessments that are fair for all children
Assessments based on realistic settings that reflects a child’s actual performance Assessments based on multiple, systematic observations and documentation Assessments that are linked to follow- up instruction |
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Why screen? What is a screening tool’s proper use?
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Why?
- Identify children in need of intervention - Predict whether or not a child will need intervention in the future. Proper Use: - Not diagnostic tools - Identify children for further testing. |
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What are sensitivity, and specificity?
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- Both are necessary to judge the worthiness of a screening test
Sensitivity The ability of a test to correctly identify those who have a condition or disease The proportion of children with a condition (developmental delay) who are correctly identified as having the condition by the test TP (true positive) TP + FN (false negative) = Sensitivity Specificity The ability of a test to correctly identify those who do not have a condition or disease The proportion of child without a condition (developmental delay) who are correctly called negative by the test TN (true negative) FP (false positive) + TN = Specificity |
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What is a problem with false positives? What about false negatives? Calculate a false negative ratio.
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False Positive
- Over referrals False Negatives - Under referrals FP (false positive) TP + FN (false negative) = false negative ratio |
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Define the purpose of Readiness testing.
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Alignment
Vertical “Seamless” transition to next level Horizontal Curriculum fits together |
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What are the NAEYC’s recommendations for assessing school readiness?
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- Assessments that are fair for all children
- Assessments based on realistic settings that reflects a child’s actual performance - Assessments based on multiple, systematic observations and documentation - Assessments that are linked to follow- up instruction |
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What are CA’s 4 areas of kindergarten skills? Give an example of each.
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Academics
- Writes own name - Engages with books - Can count 10 objects - Recognizes all letters - Recognizes primary colors - Recognizes primary shapes - Can recognize rhyming words Social Expression - Has expressive abilities - Engages in symbolic play - Relates appropriately to adults - Appropriately expresses needs - Expresses curiosity for learning Self Regulation - Pays attention - Controls impulses - Participates in circle time - Plays cooperatively - Follows directions Self-care and Motor Skills - Has general coordination on playground - Uses small manipulatives - Performs basic self-help / self-care tasks |
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Which is the most critical for school success?
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Self-Regulation
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Diversity, Gender, and Assessments
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Diversity, Gender, and Assessments
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Describe the meaning of “the hidden curriculum?”
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The curriculum is unconsciously (or consciously) directed at white, middle class students.
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What are some of the disadvantages ESL, minority, and poor students face?
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Are at a disadvantage in terms of language, culture, or income level
Ethnic minorities are over-represented in lower income levels Students with lower incomes score lower on standardized tests Literacy disadvantage |
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What are the stages of Phinney’s Cultural Identity Development?
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Differences in culture are unnoticed
- Foreclosure - Positive and negative images Differences become noticed - Moratorium Resolution of conflict - Child attempts to assimilate into dominant culture - Child adopts blended cultural identity - Child commits to his or her identity |
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Why might a student adopt oppositional identity?
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Resist academics and other educational aspirations set by dominant culture
Resent assessments |
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What are some explanations for why males have a higher dropout rate?
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Learning environment, parent, teacher expectations
Classrooms are made for girls Recess is being cut Fewer males are attending college Gender differences in achievement |
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How might teachers communicate negative expectations regarding ethnic diversity and poverty?
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Negative stereotype
Lowered expectations |
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Why might ethnically diverse parents fail to support their child’s achievement?
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May have had negative experiences when they were students
Participate less in school activities |
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Grades and Motivation
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Grades and Motivation
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Discuss the controversy regarding the necessity of grades. What are the pros of assigning grades, and what are the cons?
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Yes to grades
- We live in the age of accountability - Documentation of students’ achievement - Communication with other teachers - Students often will not do the work if they are not assigned a grade No to grades - Grades act as external motivation for learning |
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Which grading practice do most educators endorse and why?
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Based on student achievement
- Most fair to all students - Standards based - More reliable |
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What is extrinsic motivation? What is intrinsic motivation? Give some examples.
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Extrinsic motivation
- Grades, praise, rewards, punishment Intrinsic motivation - Value, interest, accomplishment, challenge |
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What type of performance leads to learned helplessness? What achievement orientation is associated with learned helplessness?
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Learned helplessness
“I’m going to fail so why bother trying!” Mastery avoid!! |
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What are the 6 basic motives for performance or lack thereof?
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Desire for approval - E
Desire to be similar to the teacher -E Desire for mastery - I Desire to resolve uncertainty - I Desire for control, power, and status - E Desire to vent hostility - I |
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What issues are associated with assessing diverse children and children with disabilities?
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Diversity
- Internalization of stereotypes - Learned helplessness - ESL, low-income, ethnic minorities Disability - Learned helplessness |
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Should separate assessments be used for children with disabilities?
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Yes, Issues of fairness and appropriateness
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What are some different types of grades?
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Checklist of skills
Proficient, Satisfactory, Needs Improvement Percentages Pass/Fail Letter |
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Bloom's Taxonomy
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- knowledge
- understanding - apply - analyze - evaluate - create |
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Terwilliger recommendations:
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Quantitative
Collected over time, guidelines for grading are available to students Failing grades mean that the student is not minimally competent Objective criteria for minimum competency Minimum competency reflects course objectives in order to achieve a minimum level of mastery of the course material. |
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What does the research generally indicate regarding the effects of grade retention on achievement?
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Not effective for increase proficiency
After school and summer school are better |
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Discuss the controversy regarding what children may or may not learn from failure. Coping skills?
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Robert Ebel--Failing grades can motivate students to try harder. (wow?)
More recent research on resilience suggests that students should be taught coping skills - (e.g., asking for help, persistence). |
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Discuss characteristics that are associated with mastery. How can a teacher support a mastery orientation? What level of achievement is considered mastery?
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Mastery: “…the desire to increase one’s knowledge, skill, or talent.”
Student sets the standard Intrinsic Focus is on mastering material, not the test - Challenges are welcome “Flow” -- talent plus skill |
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What are two ways of assigning final grades? Why give out report cards?
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1. Criterion A, B,
2. Norm Reference - top 10% Report cards - Can be formative and summative - Communicates student achievement to parents - Available for home schooled children |
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Formal Assessment
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Formal Assessment
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What is the goal of formal assessments? Why use formal assessments?
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Goal: Discriminate between those students who know the content and those who do not.
Advantages: - Easy to administer - Don’t take as long to answer, so content coverage is increased - Reliable (multiple choice) - Easy to score |
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How would you ensure content validity on a teacher made test?
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Instructional objectives
Test on the content that is taught More items on the content that more time was spent on Wording of items should not be identical to the text |
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Why would a teacher want to assess in the same room in which the material was taught?
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The test should be in the same room in which it was taught.
Error happens! |
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What factors can influence how well students perform on a test?
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Consider the age of the child
Time of day Cumulative Depends on the topic Timed vs. not timed - Error happens! - Student Anxiety |
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Which item format is the most reliable?
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multiple choice
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What is Bloom’s taxonomy of knowledge?
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A framework for integrating cognitive levels, instructional objectives, and assessments
- Hierarchical - Lower- vs. higher-order cognitive processes Levels: Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation |
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What is the relationship of instructional objectives to testing?
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Objective - what you want the child to learn
Testing - how you would assess the child has learned that objective |
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What are some pitfalls to avoid when constructing multiple choice items?
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Stem should be longer than the alternatives and meaningful
Avoid… negatives, BOLD Alternatives - should be plausible - Correct answer should not be the longest - Students often pick A when they don’t know the answer Avoid combinations B and C, All of the above and none of the above |
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Alternative Assessments
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Alternative Assessments
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What is the advantage of using a performance assessment?
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ex. Blooms
Authentic Can access higher cognitive levels e.g., application and synthesis Uses a variety of methods |
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What methods are used in performance assessments and give an example of each?
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Inquiry--problem solving: Hypothesis, collect and manipulate data, make decisions based on the result (election process)
Investigation: Identifying problem, statement, plan, evaluation (lead in the environment) Research: gather more information about issues that leads to more complex thinking (current events) |
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What is a portfolio?
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Extended performance assessment
Collection of multi-focused or single focused items Specific purpose Reflects learning objectives Work should be dated Both students and teachers can add pieces |
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What can portfolios contain?
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Collection of multi-focused or single focused items
Writing samples Journal entries Lab reports Media Group work Works in progress |
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What are two advantages to using portfolios?
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Students, parents, and teachers can see change over time
Allows for self-reflection Allows parents to see improvement |
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What types of grades are issued for portfolios?
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Performance criteria for grading
Grade individual pieces Summative grade |
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What is the difference between a holistic grading rubric and an analytic rubric?
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Holistic: the authentic assessment assignment will receive an overall scoring number
Analytical: the student will receive a number for each component of the performance assignment |
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Informal Assessment
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Informal Assessment
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Justify the uses of informal assessments.
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Nonevaluative, nonthreatening
Better accommodates individual learning Assist in learning and teaching Can be included in portfolios |
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What are some assessment formats that can be used in informal assessment?
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Journaling
Reflection log Wrap around - e.g., “When I’m a parent I’m sure I will tell my children about ________.” KWL Response chart (know, want, learn) |
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Describe the learner centered principles.
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Metacognitive and cognitive
- Personal relevance, history Affective - Motivation, expectations, novelty Developmental - Developmental transitions Personal and social - Cultural background, positive relationships Individual - Unique talents, prior experiences |
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What is a rationale for adopting a dialogic teaching strategy?
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Students are the focus
Divergent questions Students participate in discussions Individual interests are addressed |
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Informal Assessment
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Informal Assessment
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Justify the uses of informal assessments.
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Nonevaluative, nonthreatening
Better accommodates individual learning Assist in learning and teaching Can be included in portfolios |
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What are some assessment formats that can be used in informal assessment?
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Journaling
Reflection log Wrap around e.g., “When I’m a parent I’m sure I will tell my children about ________.” KWL Response chart (know, want, learn) |
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Describe the learner centered principles.
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Metacognitive and cognitive
- Personal relevance, history Affective - Motivation, expectations, novelty Developmental - Developmental transitions Personal and social - Cultural background, positive relationships Individual - Unique talents, prior experiences |
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What is a rationale for adopting a dialogic teaching strategy?
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Students are the focus
Divergent questions Students participate in discussions Individual interests are addressed |
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Positive Learning Environments
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Positive Learning Environments
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Describe the 4 approaches to motivation.
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Behavioral
- Rewards, Incentives Humanistic - Fulfill potential Social Learning - Expectancy X value Cognitive - Desire to solve problems |
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Identify 3 external factors that affect motivation and 3 internal factors that affect motivation.
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External factors:
Reinforcement Rewards Feedback Praise Incentives Goals and standards Internal factors: Personality characteristics Past experiences Needs, desires, and preferences Goal orientations Levels of anxiety Self-concept and self-esteem |
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Compare and contrast students’ attributions of success and failure depending on whether the student has high or low self esteem.
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Students with high self esteem
- Success due to internal factors - Failures due to external factors Students with low self esteem - Success due to external factors - Failures due to internal factors |
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How does locus of control influence students’ attributions of success and failure?
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- Aspect of attribution
- Events due to internal or external causes |
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Describe teacher qualities that are associated with higher achievement.
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Authoritative
Responsive Fair Sensitive to individual needs Allows some freedom of choice Fosters cooperation among students |
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How do teaching dimensions affect achievement?
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Task environment (curriculum)
- more opportunity to perform publicly Grouping practices - comprehension understanding Locus of responsibility - more autonomy Feedback and Evaluation practices - more opportunity for self-evaluation Motivational Strategies - more honest feedback Quality of teacher relationships - more respect for the learner as an individual |
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How do goal structures affect achievement?
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Cooperative (best)
- their goal is attainable only if other students will also reach the goal (team victories) Competitive - they will reach their goal only if other students to do not reach that goal (golf tournament) Individualistic - their own attempt to reach a goal is unrelated to other student's performance (stop smoking, losing weight) |
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What is the purpose of assessing achievement?
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The purpose of assessment is to accurately assess students’ achievement (reduce error)
- Variety of assessments - Assessments are tied to content - Clear expectations - Positive perceptions of students - Fair grading - Effective feedback |
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What should the teacher do to facilitate a positive assessment environment?
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Students achieve more
Students self-efficacy is enhanced Students view assessment more favorably No atmosphere of competition |
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What factors contribute to negative assessment environments?
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Large class sizes
Uncomfortable room conditions e.g., too hot or cold Inappropriate seating arrangements for type of instruction - E.g., cooperative learning is facilitated by circular or cluster seating |
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How should a student prepare for an assessment (or parents help their child prepare)?
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Before the test:
- Have a study schedule - Distributed practice (don’t cram) - Well rested - Good nutrition - Deal with test anxiety |
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What should a student do to increase his or her test performance?
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Taking the test:
- Read the directions - Read the questions carefully - Test wiseness - Think positively - Answer the questions you know first, then go back to difficult questions - Reason rather than guessing - Eliminate wrong answers first |
