Assessment Cranial Nerves

Front 1

Cranial nerve I

Back 1

Olfactory ( sensory)

Anatomy: Originates in the nasal mucosa; ends in the temporal lobe

Physiology: Smell and smell interpretation, including peristalsis, salivation, and sexual stimulation

Front 2

Cranial nerve II

Back 2

Optic (sensory)

A:Originates in the retinal cells in the optic disc; travels over the optic nerve to end in the occipital lobe

P: Vision, including visual acuity and peripheral vision

Front 3

Cranial nerve III

Back 3

Oculomotor (motor)

A: Originates in the midbrain and supplies motor fibers to the eye, eyelid, ciliary muscles, and iris

P: Extraocular movements (EOMs):

• Upward

• Medial• Downward• Up and inEyelid raising and pupil constriction

Front 4

Cranial nerve IV

Back 4

Trochlear (motor)

A:Originates in the midbrain and supplies motor fibers to the superior oblique muscle of the eye

P: EOMs: down and in

Front 5

Cranial nerve V

Back 5

Trigeminal ( sensory and motor)

A:Originates in the pons; has three branches: ophthalmic(sensory), maxillary (sensory), and mandibular( sensory and motor)

P:Ophthalmic branch: sensation to the cornea, conjunctiva, nasal mucosa, forehead, and nose

Maxillary branch: sensation to the skin of the cheek and nose, lower eyelid, upper jaw, teeth, oral mucosa

Mandibular branch: sensation to the lower jaw and motor function to muscles of mastication

Front 6

Cranial nerve VI

Back 6

Abducens (motor)

A:Originates in the pons and supplies motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscle

P: EOMs: lateral

Front 7

Cranial nerve VII

Back 7

Facial (sensory and motor)

A: Originates in the pons and supplies sensory fibers to the anterior two thirds of the tongue and soft palate and motor fibers to the muscles of the face

P: Taste and sensation for the anterior two thirds of the tongue and soft palate; serves as the primary motor nerve for facial expression

Front 8

Cranial nerve VIII

Back 8

Acoustic ( sensory)

A: Cochlear sensory fibers originate in the cochlea and transmit auditory sensation to the ear, pons, and temporal lobe.

P: Hearing

Front 9

Cranial nerve IX

Back 9

Glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor)

A: Sensory divisions from the external ear, tympanic membrane, upper pharynx, and posterior one third of the tongue end in the medulla; motor divisions supply the pharyngeal muscle and parotid gland

P: Pharyngeal muscle elevation for swallowing and speech; parotid gland secretion; general sensory (pain, touch, temperature) function

Front 10

Cranial nerve X

Back 10

Vagus (sensory and motor)

A: Major parasympathetic nerve of the body; originates in the medulla; sensory from larynx, esophagus, trachea, carotid bodies, thoracic and abdominal viscera, and stretch and chemoreceptors from the aorta; motor supplies the pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal viscera

P: Provides most parasympathetic innervation to a large region; effects include digestion, defecation, slowed heart rate, and reduced contraction strength

Front 11

Cranial nerve XI

Back 11

Spinal accessory (motor)

A: Originates in medulla with two branches; cranial root innervates muscles of the larynx and pharynx; spinal root innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

P: Swallowing and speaking; innervates the muscles that turn the head and elevates the shoulders (shoulder shrug)

Front 12

Cranial nerve XII

Back 12

Hypoglossal (motor)

A: Originates in the medulla and ends at the tongue

P: Tongue movement

Front 13

BrownSéquard syndrome sensory loss. When half of the spinal cord is severed (e.g., by a gunshot wound), the patient may experience

Back 13

Manifestations include loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side of the injury because these fibers cross in the spinal cord. Localized touch, deep pressure, vibration, position sense, and movement remain on the same side of the body because these fibers cross in the medulla.

Front 14

Autonomic nervous system

Back 14

maintains involuntary functions of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. It has two components:

sympathetic (fight or flight) and

parasympathetic (rest and digest).

Front 15

Wernicke area

Back 15

integrates understanding of spoken and written words

Front 16

Broca area

Back 16

regulates verbal expression and writing ability.

Front 17

The primary visual area is the

Back 17

occipital lobe

Front 18

temporal lobe

Back 18

registers auditory input and is responsible for hearing, speech, behavior, and memory.

Front 19

limbic lobe —

Back 19

which consists of the hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus, a more primitive part of the brain

Front 20

Hypothalamus

Back 20

controls vital functions of temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep, the anterior and posterior pituitary, the autonomic nervous system, and emotions.

Front 21

Afferent

Back 21

(sensory) stimuli travel through the brainstem to the cerebral cortex;

Front 22

efferent

Back 22

(motor)

Front 23

Dysphagia

Back 23

Difficulty or discomfort swallowing

Front 24

Rapidly assess level of consciousness (LOC) using the______ ________ , which scores verbal response,eye opening, and motor function

Back 24

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Front 25

Aphasia

Back 25

Difficulty with speech or language

Front 26

Paresthesia

Back 26

abnormal prickly or tingly sensations, is most common in the hands, arms, legs, and feet

Front 27

diplopia

Back 27

(double vision)

Front 28

Nystagmus

Back 28

is a jerking movement of the eye that can be quick and fluttering or slow and rolling, similar to a tremor. Causes include medications

Front 29

Romberg test

Back 29

ask the patient to stand with feet together and arms at sides. Note any swaying

Front 30

Ataxia

Back 30

is unsteady, wavering movement with inability to touch the target.

Front 31

adiadochokinesia

Back 31

During rapid alternating movements, lack of coordination