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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cause of graft rejection - HYPERACUTE
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preformed Ab
T II min - hr |
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Cause of graft rejection - ACUTE
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memory T-cells & CD8 T-cells
T IV day - mon |
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Cause of graft rejection - CHRONIC
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Ab develop over time and damage graft vasculature
T II & IV mon - yrs |
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Cause of graft rejection - GVHD
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T-cells in transplanted tissue attack host
T IV days - wks |
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What is the important oncogene in Burkitt lymphoma?
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c-myc
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What is the important oncogene in CML
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c-abl
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What is the important oncogene in colon carcinoma
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ras
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What is the important tumor suppressor gene in breast and ovarian cancer
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BRCA-1
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What cancers have p53 loss or mutation?
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Breast
Colon Lung carcinoma |
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What is the tumor marker for adenocarcinoma
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CEA
(carcinoembryonic antigen) |
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If AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) is high, what problems do you suspect?
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Hepatoma
Multiple gestation Neural tube defects Yolk sac tumor/endodermal sinus disease |
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If AFP is low, what problem do you suspect?
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Down's syndrome
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What are 2 tumor markers for prostate cancer?
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PSA
Acid phosphatase |
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Where is alkaline phosphatase normally released from?
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Bone (increased in bone disease)
Kidney (increased in renal cell carcinoma) Placenta Biliary system (dx non-neoplastic disease) |
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What disease is associated with 5'-HIAA?
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Carcinoid
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What disease is associated with CA 19-9?
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Colon
Pancreatic Breast cancer |
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What disease is associated with CA 125?
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Ovarian CA
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What disease is associated with CD 25?
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Hairy cell leukemia
Adult T-cell leukemia |
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What disease is associated with CD 30?
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Hodgkin's disease
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What disease is associated with neuron-specific enolase?
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Small cell lung CA
Neuroblastoma |
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What disease/process is associated with beta hCG?
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Pregnancy
Gestational trophoblastic disease (hydatidiform mole) Choriocarcinoma |
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Most common place for Breast CA to metastasize to?
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#1 - Bone
#2 - Brain |
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Most common place for Lung CA to metastasize to?
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#1 - Brain
#2 - Bone |
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What is the rule for
AD pedigrees? |
Never skips generations
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What is the rule for
XD pedigrees? |
NO male - to - male
Never skips generations |
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What is the rule for
XR pedigrees? |
NO male - to - male transmission
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What is the rule for
AR pedigree? |
Variable
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What do you see with
De Novo mutation? |
Parents healthy
ONLY 1 progeny undergoes spontaneous mutation His/her progeny will will carry mutated gene |
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What do you see with
Mitochondrial inheritance? |
All mitochondrial genes inherited by one's mom
Transmitted by females only to ALL her children |
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What are the two common
XD disease? |
Hyperphosphatemic rickets
(inherited Vit D resistance, bowed legs) Incontinentia pigmenti (mini-teeth & patchy alopecia) |
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What is the most common
Mitochondrial inheritance disease? |
Leber's optic neuropathy
(bil blindness w/ onset > 15 yo) |
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What is the mutation in Cystic Fibrosis?
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AR - CFTR gene
Defect Chloride movement across membranes - epithelial cells |
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What are some clinical findings in Cystic Fibrosis?
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Meconium ileus
Viscous mucus Recurrent respiratory infections High NaCl in sweat and tears (+ sweat test) Chronic pancreatitis Cholelithiasis Malnutrition (poor bowel fnct) |
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What is the problem with
Phenylketonuria? |
AR - Unable to metabolize phenylalanine
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What are the clinical signs of
PKU? |
Neurotoxiticity
(build-up of phenylketones) Lighter complexion (decrease melanin synthesis) Low NE and Dopamine |
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What is the problem with
Albinism? |
AR - Lack tyrosinase
inability to make melanin |
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What is the problem with
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? |
AR - Inability of liver to release alpha-1 antitrypsin --> liver damage
(normally inhibits elastase) --> active elastase (lungs most affected --> emphysema) |
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What are the three glycogen storage diseases?
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ALL AR
von Gierke disease Pompe disease McArdle disease |
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What is mucopolysaccharidoses?
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Lysosomal storage disease
Unable to metabolize GAGs (GAGs part of CT) |
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What are the 3 types of mucopolysaccharidoses?
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Hurler (AR)
Scheie (AR) Hunter (XR) |
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What is
Sphingolipidoses? |
Lysosomal storage disease
Unable to metabolize sphingolipids (myelin & CNS) |
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What are the 6 types of sphingolipidoses?
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Niemann-Pick (AR)
Gauchers's (AR) Krabbe's (AR) Tay-Sachs (AR) Metachromatic dystrophy (AR) Fabry (XR) |
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What is Amyloid?
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Beta-pleated sheet of protein
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What are the three major types of Amyloid?
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AL - light chain
Multiple myeloma & Waldenstrom's AA - amyloid-ass. protein chronic inflammation, aging AB - amyloid-beta protein Chrom. 21 Alzeheimers disease deposited in brain |
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What is Amyloidosis?
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Deposition of amyloid
Localized Systemic |
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What is clinical Triad of Autoimmune hemolytic disease?
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Warm: severe anemia, splenomegaly, high MCHC
Cold: anemia, Raynaud's syndrome, acrocyanosis |
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What is the autoAb for autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
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Anti-RBC
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What is clinical Triad of Bullous pemphigoid?
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Bullae
Pruritis Elderly |
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What is the autoAb for bullous pemphigoid?
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Anti-epidermal basement membrane
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What is clinical Triad of IDDM?
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Hyperglycemia
DKA risk Infections Later - retinopathy, nephropathy, atherosclerosis |
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What is the autoAb for IDDM?
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Anti-islet cell
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What is clinical Triad of pemphigus?
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Nikolsky's sign (epidermal slouthing)
oral & skin erosions older |
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What is autoAb for pemphigus?
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Anti-keratinocyte junction
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What is clinical Triad of pernicious anemia?
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Megaloblastic anemia
gastritis vitamin B12 deficiency |
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What is autoAb for pernicious anemia?
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Anti-intrinsic factor
Anti-parietal cell |
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What is clinical Triad of polyarteritis nodosa (medium size blood vessels)?
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TETRAD
Fever HTN Abd pain Renal disease (w/o glomerulonephritis) |
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What is clinical Triad of microscopic polyangitis?
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Hemoptysis
Hematuria Palpable purpura (w/glomerulonephritis) |
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What is autoAb for microscopic polyangitis?
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p-ANCA
(peri-nuclear-anti-neutrophil cytoplasm) |
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What is clinical Triad of polymyositis (m. destruction)?
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Proximal m. weakness
elevated m. enzymes (CK) elevated myoglobin |
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What is autoAb polymyositis?
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Speckled ANA (anti-nuclear Ab)
20% have anti-Jo1 |
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What is clinical Triad of progressive systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma)?
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Visceral organ fibrosis
Facial tightening Sclerodactyly |
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What is autoAb progressive systemic sclerosis? (Scleroderma)
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Anti-Scl 70
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What is clinical Triad of Sjogren's syndrome?
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Xeroderma
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Arthritis |
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What is autoAb Sjogren's syndrome?
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Anti-SS A (anti-Ro)
Anti-SS B (anti-La) |
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What is clinical Triad of Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (adult)?
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Thrombocytopenia
petechiae & purpura Mucosal bldg |
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What is autoAb for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (adult)?
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Anti-structural platelet
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What is clinical Triad of Vitiligo?
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Hypopigmented areas of skin
White hair in affected areas Sunburn risk |
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What is autoAb vitiligo?
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Anti-melanocyte
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What is clinical Triad of RA?
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7 criteria (4 must be present)
-morning stiffness > 1 hr -arthritis in 3 or more joints simultaneously -arthritis in hand joints -symmetrical arthritis -rheumatoid nodules (dorsal hand) -serum RH factor -erosions or bony decalcification on X-ray |
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What is the autoAb in RA?
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Anti-IgG (Rheumatoid factor)
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What is clinical Triad of SLE?
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Malar rash
Lupus nephropathy Arthritis |
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What is the autoAb in SLE?
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Screen - ANA (Anti-nuclear Ab)
Confirm - Anti-ds DNA |
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What is clinical Triad of Drug-induced lupus?
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Arthralgia
Fever Serositis |
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What is the autoAb for Drug-induced lupus?
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Anti-Histone
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What is clinical Triad of CREST?
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PENTAD:
-Calcinosis -Raynaud's -esophageal dysmotility -sclerodactyly -telangiectasia |
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What is the autoAb for CREST?
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Anti-centromere
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What is clinical Triad of Myasthenia gravis?
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Post-use episodic m. weakness
ptosis Thymus gland pathologies |
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What is the autoAb for myasthenia gravis?
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Anti-ACh R
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What is clinical Triad of Graves' disease?
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Symptomatic hyperthyroidism
Exophthalmos Pretibial myxedema |
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What is the autoAb for Graves' disease?
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Anti-TSH R
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What is clinical Triad of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
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Nontender goiter
Typically female Hypothyroidism (becomes symptomatic) |
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What is the autoAb for Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
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Anti-microsomal
(AKA Anti-thyrocyte Ab) |
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What is clinical Triad of Wegner's granulomatosis?
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Sinusitis
Glomerulonephritis Lung lesion (cavitary) |
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What is the autoAb for Wegner's granulomatosis?
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ANCA (Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm)
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What is clinical Triad of Celiac sprue?
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Malabsorption (often w/ diarrhea)
Dermatits herpetiformis Short stature (if severe in childhood) |
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What is the autoAb for Celiac sprue?
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Anti-gliadin
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What is clinical Triad of Goodpasture's syndrome?
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Severe glomerulonephritis
Pulmonary hemorrhage Dyspnea |
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What is the autoAb in Goodpasture's syndrome?
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Anti-GBM (Anti-glomerular basement membrane)
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What is clinical Triad of Primary biliary cirrhosis?
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Pruritis
Female Jaundice |
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What is the autoAb for Primary biliary cirrhosis?
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Anti-mitochondiral
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What is type I hypersensitivity?
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IgE mediated --> Histamine
(mast cells & basophils) S/S seen on 2nd exposure |
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Common triggers of type I hypersensitivity?
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Pollen
Drugs Foods Insect venom Animal dander |
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What is type II hypersenstivity?
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Ab-mediated cytotoxicity
Examples ABO transfusion rxn Erythroblastosis fetalis Rheumatic fever Hemolytic or thrombolytic drug rxn Goodpasture's syndrome Drug-induced lupus SLE |
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Common triggers of type II hypersenstivity?
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Blood Ag
Rh Ag Drugs that attach to RBC (PEN, Quinidine) or to platelet membranes (Quinine) Drugs that change host tissue (Hydralazine) Infectious agents Molecular mimicry Autoimmunity |
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What is type III hypersensitivity?
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Immune complex deposition
Examples: Arthus rxn Serum sickness Post-Strep glomerulonephritis RA SLE |
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Common triggers of type III hypersensitivity?
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Drugs (PEN)
Vaccines Inhaled Ag (fungus) |
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What is type IV hypersensitivity?
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Cell-mediated (no Ab)
Examples: Delayed - -Contact dermatitis -Acute graft rejection -Positive PPD test -Tuberculoid leprosy T-cell mediated: -Acute graft rejection -Viral infection -Neoplasm |
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Common triggers of type IV hypersensitivity?
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Delayed:
-poison ivy/oak -nickel -soap -mycobacterial infection -transplanted tissue T-cell mediated cytotoxicity: -transplanted or virus-infected cells, tissue -tumor |
