Asr-Basic Anatomy

Front 1

13 Types of Functional Organ Systems

Back 1

1. Skin
2. Muscular
3. Connective Tissue
4. Skelatal
5. Cardiovascular
6. Respiratory
7. Gastrointestinal
8. Nervous
9. Filtration & Excretory
10. Lymphatic
11. Sensory
12. Reproductive
13. Endocrine

Front 2

Skin

Back 2

• Covers the body and connects to the mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts as well as the conjunctivae of the eyelids, the lacrimal duct, and the typanic membrane
• Acts as a physical barrier between the environment and underlying tissues
• Assists in regulation of temperature and hydration as well as sensation
• Consists of the epidermis, dermis, and a subcutaneous layer of adipose tissue
• Consists of connective tissue bed containing blood vessels, lymphatics, muscles, and nerve endings covered by a stratified squamous epithelium
  

Front 3

3 Types of Muscles

Back 3

1. Smooth
2. Cardiac
3. Skeletal

Front 4

Smooth Muscle

Back 4

• Smooth found in the walls of hollow organs and inblood vessels and is under the control of the autonomous nervous system
• No striations
• Cannotbe voluntarily controlled
• Spindle shapedand without striations
• Makesup almost all visceral muscle except cardiac muscle
• Linesthe interior of blood vessels
• Usedfor slow, steady contractions
• Involved in the movement of food and wasteproducts in the GI tract and bladder
• Involvedin vasoconstriction
• Organizedinto sheets of fiberssurrounded with endomysium and connected by strandsof collagen and elastin
  

Front 5

Cardiac Muscle

Back 5

• forms the bulk of the heart and is optimized for rhythmic contractions under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Found only in the heart
• Striated (but shorter than skeletal)
• Cannot be voluntarily controlled
• Works in steady, rhythmic fashion
• Controlled by the heart’s pacemaker
• Short and branched
• Surrounded by endomysium and connected by intercalated discs
  

Front 6

Skeletal Muscle

Back 6

• forms bundles surrounded by connective tissue envelopes largely controlled by the somatic nervous system (SNS)
• Longest muscle cell types
• Striated
• Can be voluntarily controlled
• Made of hundreds to thousands of individual muscle cells called fibers
• Muscle fibers are enclosed in connective tissue called endomysium
• Fibers are gathered into bundles called fascicles bound by perimysium
• Fascicles are bound together by epimysium
  

Front 7

Origin

Back 7

more fixed point of muscle attachment

Front 8

Insertion

Back 8

more movable point of muscle attachment

Front 9

In limbs the insertion is...

Back 9

always distal to the origin

Front 10

6 Types of Movement

Back 10

1. Extensor
2. Flexor
3. Adduction
4. Abduction
5. Circumduction
6. Rotation

Front 11

Extensor

Back 11

opens a joint or straightens the bone alignment

Front 12

Flexor

Back 12

closes a jointor angulates the bones

Front 13

Adduction

Back 13

moves the extremity toward the median plane (MP)

Front 14

Abduction

Back 14

moves the extremity away from the MP or the axis of the limb

Front 15

Circumduction

Back 15

moves anextremity in a plane represented by a cone

Front 16

Rotation

Back 16

moves a part along its long axis

Front 17

Connective Tissue

Back 17

• Provide routes for nerves and blood vessels
• Envelope, separate, or connect muscles, nerves and blood and lymphatic vessels
• May blend with the periosteum of bone
  

Front 18

Periosteum

Back 18

connective tissue covering bone

Front 19

Perichondrium

Back 19

connective tissue covering cartilage

Front 20

Peritoneum

Back 20

a serous membrane largely made of connective tissue

Front 21

Parietal peritoneum

Back 21

covers the abdominal, pelvic, and scrotal cavities

Front 22

Visceral peritoneum

Back 22

covers the abdominal, pelvic, and scrotal organs

Front 23

Connecting peritoneum

Back 23

connects organs to other organs or the parietal peritoneum

Front 24

Common Dorsal Mesentery

Back 24

peritoneal fold which incorporates most of the abdominal organs

Front 25

Pericardium

Back 25

fibrous sac that envelopes the heart

Front 26

Mediastinum

Back 26

fibrous sheet that separates the two sides of the thoracic cavity and incorporates the heart, thymus, vena cava, and aorta

Front 27

Pleurae

Back 27

serous membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs

Front 28

Meninges

Back 28

Protective membranes covering the brain and spinal column

Front 29

Dura Mater

Back 29

thick, fibrous, and the most superficial of the meninges

Front 30

Arachnoid membrane

Back 30

delicate and lines the deep surface of the dura mater

Front 31

Pia mater

Back 31

delicate and coats the surface of the brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, and the optic nerve

Front 32

Skeleton

Back 32

• “The framework that the body hangs on”
• Supports and protects the body
• Provides attachment points for the muscles and acts as levers for motion
• Made up of individual bones connected by ligaments and muscles
  

Front 33

2 Types of Bone Tissue

Back 33

1. Compact Bone
2. Spongy Bone

Front 34

5 Types of Bones

Back 34

1. Long Bone
2. Short Bone
3. Sesamoid Bone
4. Flat Bone
5. Irregular Bone

Front 35

Long Bone

Back 35

consists of a shaft (diaphysis) with two extremities (proximal and distal epiphysis)

Front 36

Short Bone

Back 36

• roughly cube like, primarily spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
• Bones of the wrist and ankle
  

Front 37

Sesamoid Bone

Back 37

• is a short bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule
• i.e., the patella
  

Front 38

Flat Bone

Back 38

• a thin bone with spongy bone called diploe encased in compact bone
• The sternum, the ribs, and most bones of the skull
  

Front 39

Irregular Bone

Back 39

• bones that don’t fit into the previous categories
• Vertebrae, pelvis, some skull bones
  

Front 40

Structure of a flat bone, outside to inside

Back 40

1. Periosteum (outside)
2. Compact bone
3. Spongy bone
4. Medullary cavity (inside)
   

Front 41

Spongy Bone

Back 41

contains either red bone marrow or a medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow

Front 42

Medullary Cavity

Back 42

in spongy bone

internal termination of compact bone

Front 43

Endosteum

Back 43

fibrous tissue lining compact bone

Front 44

Bone

Back 44

Storage site for calcium and phosphorus

Front 45

Bone components produce...

Back 45

red and several types of white blood cells

Front 46

12 Bones of the Skull

Back 46

1. incisive
2. nasal
3. maxilla
4. zygomatic
5. lacrimal
6. frontal
7. palatine
8. pterygoid
9. sphenoid
10. parietal
11. occipital
12. temporal

Front 47

2 Crests of Occipital Bone

Back 47

Sagittal and nuchal crests

Front 48

main weight supporters of lower limbs

Back 48

radius and tibia

Front 49

Number of Bone in Dog

Back 49

~321 Bones

Front 50

Number of Separate Bones in Dog Skull & Hyoid

Back 50

50

Front 51

Number of Vertebrae in Dog

Back 51

50

Front 52

Number bones in Dog Sternum

Back 52

7

Front 53

Number of Ribs in Dog

Back 53

26

Front 54

Number of Bones in Dog Forelimbs

Back 54

90

Front 55

Number of Bones in Dog Hindlimbs

Back 55

96

Front 56

Os penis

Back 56

1 found in male dogs

Front 57

Joint

Back 57

Where bones are joined by fibrous, elastic and/or cartilaginous tissue

Front 58

Ligament

Back 58

Fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone

Front 59

Tendon

Back 59

Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

Front 60

3 Joint Functions

Back 60

1. Synarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Diarthroses
   

Front 61

Synarthroses Joint Function

Back 61

permits no movement

skull bones, teeth

Front 62

Amphiarthroses Joint Function

Back 62

permits slight movement

vertebrae, pelvis

Front 63

Diarthroses Joint Function

Back 63

permits free movement

knee, elbow

Front 64

3 Joint Structures

Back 64

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Front 65

Fibrous Joint Structure

Back 65

bones are joined by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity exists (skull sutures, teeth) and provide little or no movement

Front 66

Cartilaginous Joint Structure

Back 66

bones areunited by cartilage, no joint cavity exists(Epiphyseal disc, intervertebral disc), and permits compression or stretching

Front 67

Synovial Joint Structure

Back 67

bonesare separated by a joint cavity and permits significant movement

Front 68

7 Types of Synovial Joints

Back 68

1. Plane
2. Ball & Socket
3. Ellipsoidal
4. Hinge
5. Condylar
6. Trochoid
7. Saddle Joint

Front 69

5 Main Components of Synovial Joints

Back 69

1. Articular cartilage covering the bone at the joint
2. Has limited regeneration capabilities
3. Articular capsule encloses the joint in an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane
4. Hip and knee joints have a fatty pad between the fibrous capsule and the synovial membrane or bone
5. Joint cavity is the potential space within the articular capsule that is filled with a nutrient and waste transporting fluid called synovial fluid
6. Synovial fluid is a lubricant made of hyaluronic acid thinned by interstitial fluid from blood plasma
7. Reinforcing ligaments reinforce and strengthen the joint (intrinsic, extracapsular, intracapsular)

Front 70

Periosteum

Back 70

Fibruous tissue connected to the bone by Sharpey's fibers