Asp.net / C#

Front 1

Explain Namespace.

Back 1

Namespaces are logical groupings of names used within a program. There may be multiple namespaces in a single application code, grouped based on the identifiers’ use. The name of any given identifier must appear only once in its namespace.

Front 2

List the types of Authentication supported by ASP.NET.

Back 2

Windows (default)
Forms
Passport
None (Security disabled)

Front 3

What is CLR?

Back 3

Common Language Runtime (CLR) is a run-time environment that manages the execution of .NET code and provides services like memory management, debugging, security, etc. The CLR is also known as Virtual Execution System (VES).

Front 4

What is CLI?

Back 4

The CLI is a set of specifications for a runtime environment, including a common type system, base class library, and a machine-independent intermediate code known as the Common Intermediate Language (CIL). (Source: Wikipedia.)

Front 5

List the various stages of Page-Load lifecycle.

Back 5

Init() - During page initialization, controls on the page are available and each control's UniqueID property is set. A master page and themes are also applied to the page if applicable. If the current request is a postback, the postback data has not yet been loaded and control property values have not been restored to the values from view state.
Load() - During load, if the current request is a postback, control properties are loaded with information recovered from view state and control state.
PreRender() - Before rendering, view state is saved for the page and all controls. During the rendering stage, the page calls the Render method for each control, providing a text writer that writes its output to the OutputStream object of the page's Response property.
Unload() - The Unload event is raised after the page has been fully rendered, sent to the client, and is ready to be discarded. At this point, page properties such as Response and Request are unloaded and cleanup is performed.

Front 6

Explain Assembly and Manifest.

Back 6

An assembly is a collection of one or more files and one of them (DLL or EXE) contains a special metadata called Assembly Manifest. The manifest is stored as binary data and contains details like versioning requirements for the assembly, the author, security permissions, and list of files forming the assembly. An assembly is created whenever a DLL is built. The manifest can be viewed programmatically by making use of classes from the System.Reflection namespace. The tool Intermediate Language Disassembler (ILDASM) can be used for this purpose. It can be launched from the command prompt or via Start> Run.

Front 7

What is Shadow Copy?

Back 7

In order to replace a COM component on a live dedicated server, it was necessary to stop the entire website, copy the new files and then restart the website. This is not feasible for the web servers that need to be always running. .NET components are different. They can be overwritten at any time using a mechanism called Shadow Copy. It prevents the Portable Executable (PE) files like DLLs and EXEs from being locked. Whenever new versions of the PEs are released, they are automatically detected by the CLR and the changed components will be automatically loaded. They will be used to process all new requests not currently executing, while the older version still runs the currently executing requests. By bleeding out the older version, the update is completed.

Front 8

What is DLL Hell?

Back 8

DLL hell is the problem that occurs when an installation of a newer application might break or hinder other applications as newer DLLs are copied into the system and the older applications do not support or are not compatible with them. .NET overcomes this problem by supporting multiple versions of an assembly at any given time. This is also called side-by-side component versioning.

Front 9

Explain Web Services.

Back 9

Web services are programmable business logic components that provide access to functionality through the Internet. Standard protocols like HTTP can be used to access them. Web services are based on the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), which is an application of XML. Web services are given the .asmx extension.

Front 10

Explain Windows Forms.

Back 10

Windows Forms is employed for developing Windows GUI applications. It is a class library that gives developers access to Windows Common Controls with rich functionality. It is a common GUI library for all the languages supported by the .NET Framework.

Front 11

What is Postback?

Back 11

When an action occurs (like button click), the page containing all the controls within the tag performs an HTTP POST, while having itself as the target URL. This is called Postback.

Front 12

Explain the differences between server-side and client-side code?

Back 12

Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and interpreted as needed. Client side scripting means that the script will be executed immediately in the browser such as form field validation, clock, email validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in VBScript or JavaScript. Since the code is included in the HTML page, anyone can see the code by viewing the page source. It also poses as a possible security hazard for the client computer.

Front 13

Enumerate the types of Directives.

Back 13

@ Page directive
@ Import directive
@ Implements directive
@ Register directive
@ Assembly directive
@ OutputCache directive
@ Reference directive

Front 14

What is Code-Behind?

Back 14

Code-Behind is a concept where the contents of a page are in one file and the server-side code is in another. This allows different people to work on the same page at the same time and also allows either part of the page to be easily redesigned, with no changes required in the other. An Inherits attribute is added to the @ Page directive to specify the location of the Code-Behind file to the ASP.NET page.

Front 15

Describe the difference between inline and code behind.

Back 15

Inline code is written along side the HTML in a page. There is no separate distinction between design code and logic code. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.

Front 16

List the ASP.NET validation controls?

Back 16

RequiredFieldValidator
RangeValidator
CompareValidator
RegularExpressionValidator
CustomValidator
ValidationSummary

Front 17

What is Data Binding?

Back 17

Data binding is a way used to connect values from a collection of data (e.g. DataSet) to the controls on a web form. The values from the dataset are automatically displayed in the controls without having to write separate code to display them.

Front 18

Describe Paging in ASP.NET.

Back 18

The DataGrid control in ASP.NET enables easy paging of the data. The AllowPaging property of the DataGrid can be set to True to perform paging. ASP.NET automatically performs paging and provides the hyperlinks to the other pages in different styles, based on the property that has been set for PagerStyle.Mode .

Front 19

Should user input data validation occur server-side or client-side? Why?

Back 19

All user input data validation should occur on the server and minimally on the client-side, though it is a good way to reduce server load and network traffic because we can ensure that only data of the appropriate type is submitted from the form. It is totally insecure. The user can view the code used for validation and create a workaround for it. Secondly, the URL of the page that handles the data is freely visible in the original form page. This will allow unscrupulous users to send data from their own forms to your application. Client-side validation can sometimes be performed where deemed appropriate and feasible to provide a richer, more responsive experience for the user.

Front 20

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

Back 20

Response.Redirect: This tells the browser that the requested page can be found at a new location. The browser then initiates another request to the new page loading its contents in the browser. This results in two requests by the browser.
Server.Transfer: It transfers execution from the first page to the second page on the server. As far as the browser client is concerned, it made one request and the initial page is the one responding with content. The benefit of this approach is one less round trip to the server from the client browser. Also, any posted form variables and query string parameters are available to the second page as well.

Front 21

What is an interface and what is an abstract class?

Back 21

In an interface, all methods must be abstract (must not be defined). In an abstract class, some methods can be defined. In an interface, no accessibility modifiers are allowed, whereas it is allowed in abstract classes.

Front 22

Session state vs. View state:

Back 22

In some cases, using view state is not feasible. The alternative for view state is session state. Session state is employed under the following situations:

Large amounts of data - View state tends to increase the size of both the HTML page sent to the browser and the size of form posted back. Hence session state is used.
Secure data - Though the view state data is encoded and may be encrypted, it is better and secure if no sensitive data is sent to the client. Thus, session state is a more secure option.
Problems in serializing of objects into view state - View state is efficient for a small set of data. Other types like DataSet are slower and can generate a very large view state.

Front 23

Can two different programming languages be mixed in a single ASPX file?

Back 23

ASP.NET’s built-in parsers are used to remove code from ASPX files and create temporary files. Each parser understands only one language. Therefore mixing of languages in a single ASPX file is not possible.

Front 24

Is it possible to see the code that ASP.NET generates from an ASPX file?

Back 24

By enabling debugging using a <%@ Page Debug="true" %> directive in the ASPX file or a statement in Web.config , the generated code can be viewed. The code is stored in a CS or VB file (usually in the \%SystemRoot%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v1.0.nnnn\Temporary ASP.NET Files).

Front 25

Can a custom .NET data type be used in a Web form?

Back 25

This can be achieved by placing the DLL containing the custom data type in the application root's bin directory and ASP.NET will automatically load the DLL when the type is referenced.

Front 26

List the event handlers that can be included in Global.asax?

Back 26

Application start and end event handlers
Session start and end event handlers
Per-request event handlers
Non-deterministic event handlers

Front 27

Can the view state be protected from tampering?

Back 27

This can be achieved by including an @ Page directive with an EnableViewStateMac="true" attribute in each ASPX file that has to be protected. Another way is to include the statement in the Web.config file.

Front 28

Can the view state be encrypted?

Back 28

The view state can be encrypted by setting EnableViewStateMac to true and either modifying the element in Machine.config to

Front 29

When during the page processing cycle is ViewState available?

Back 29

The view state is available after the Init() and before the Render() methods are called during Page load.

Front 30

Do Web controls support Cascading Style Sheets?

Back 30

All Web controls inherit a property named CssClass from the base class System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebControl which can be used to control the properties of the web control.

Front 31

What namespaces are imported by default in ASPX files?

Back 31

The following namespaces are imported by default. Other namespaces must be imported manually using @ Import directives.

System
System.Collections
System.Collections.Specialized
System.Configuration
System.Text
System.Text.RegularExpressions
System.Web
System.Web.Caching
System.Web.Security
System.Web.SessionState
System.Web.UI
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls
System.Web.UI.WebControls

Front 32

What classes are needed to send e-mail from an ASP.NET application?

Back 32

The classes MailMessage and SmtpMail have to be used to send email from an ASP.NET application. MailMessage and SmtpMail are classes defined in the .NET Framework Class Library's System.Web.Mail namespace.

Front 33

Why do some web service classes derive from System.Web.WebServices while others do not?

Back 33

Those Web Service classes which employ objects like Application, Session, Context , Server, and User have to derive from System.Web.WebServices. If it does not use these objects, it is not necessary to be derived from it.

Front 34

What are VSDISCO files?

Back 34

VSDISCO files are DISCO files that enable dynamic discovery of Web Services. ASP.NET links the VSDISCO to a HTTP handler that scans the host directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a dynamically generated DISCO document. A client who requests a VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static DISCO document.

Front 35

How can files be uploaded to Web pages in ASP.NET?

Back 35

This can be done by using the HtmlInputFile class to declare an instance of an tag. Then, a byte[] can be declared to read in the data from the input file. This can then be sent to the server.

Front 36

How do I create an ASPX page that periodically refreshes itself?

Back 36

The following META tag can be used as a trigger to automatically refresh the page every n seconds:

Front 37

How do I initialize a TextBox whose TextMode is "password", with a password?

Back 37

The TextBox ’s Text property cannot be used to assign a value to a password field. Instead, its Value field can be used for that purpose.
ID="Password" RunAt="server" />

Front 38

Why does the control's PostedFile property always show null when using HtmlInputFile control to upload files to a Web server?

Back 38

This occurs when an enctype="multipart/form-data" attribute is missing in the tag.

Front 39

How can the focus be set to a specific control when a Web form loads?

Back 39

This can be achieved by using client-side script:
document.forms[0 ].TextBox1.focus ()
The above code will set the focus to a TextBox named TextBox1 when the page loads.

Front 40

How does System.Web.UI.Page's IsPostBack property work?

Back 40

IsPostBack checks to see whether the HTTP request is accompanied by postback data containing a __VIEWSTATE or __EVENTTARGET parameter. If there are none, then it is not a postback.

Front 41

What is WSDL?

Back 41

WSDL is an XML format for describing network services as a set of endpoints operating on messages containing either document-oriented or procedure-oriented information. The operations and messages are described abstractly, and then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format to define an endpoint. Related concrete endpoints are combined into abstract endpoints (services). (Source: www.w3.org)

Front 42

What is UDDI?

Back 42

UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration. It is like an "Yellow Pages" for Web Services. It is maintained by Microsoft, IBM, and Ariba, and is designed to provide detailed information regarding registered Web Services for all vendors. The UDDI can be queried for specific Web Services.

Front 43

Is it possible to generate the source code for an ASP.NET Web service from a WSDL?

Back 43

The Wsdl.exe tool (.NET Framework SDK) can be used to generate source code for an ASP.NET web service with its WSDL link.
Example: wsdl /server http://api.google.com/GoogleSearch.wsdl .

Front 44

Why do uploads fail while using an ASP.NET file upload control to upload large files?

Back 44

ASP.NET limits the size of file uploads for security purposes. The default size is 4 MB. This can be changed by modifying the maxRequestLength attribute of Machine.config 's element.

Front 45

Describe the difference between inline and code behind.

Back 45

Inline code is written along side the HTML in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.

Front 46

Describe the role of inetinfo.exe, aspnet_isapi.dll andaspnet_wp.exe in the page loading process.

Back 46

inetinfo.exe is theMicrosoft IIS server running, handling ASP.NET requests among other things.When an ASP.NET request is received (usually a file with .aspx extension), the ISAPI filter aspnet_isapi.dll takes care of it by passing the request tothe actual worker process aspnet_wp.exe.

Front 47

Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?

Back 47

Valid answers are:

A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views.
A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.
Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
There's no concept of cursor types in a DataSet.
DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data.
You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.
Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.

Front 48

What’s a bubbled event?

Back 48

When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.

Front 49

What data types do the RangeValidator control support?

Back 49

Integer, String, and Date.

Front 50

Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one?

Back 50

The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML. A good use is reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.

Front 51

What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service?

Back 51

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is the preferred protocol.

Front 52

What is ViewState?

Back 52

ViewState allows the state of objects (serializable) to be stored in a hidden field on the page. ViewState is transported to the client and back to the server, and is not stored on the server or any other external source. ViewState is used the retain the state of server-side objects between postabacks.

Front 53

What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off?

Back 53

It allows the page to save the users input on a form across postbacks. It saves the server-side values for a given control into ViewState, which is stored as a hidden value on the page before sending the page to the clients browser. When the page is posted back to the server the server control is recreated with the state stored in viewstate.

Front 54

What are the different types of Session state management options available with ASP.NET?

Back 54

ASP.NET provides In-Process and Out-of-Process state management. In-Process stores the session in memory on the web server. This requires the a "sticky-server" (or no load-balancing) so that the user is always reconnected to the same web server. Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an external data source. The external data source may be either a SQL Server or a State Server service. Out-of-Process state management requires that all objects stored in session are serializable.

Front 55

Differences Between XML and HTML?

Back 55

Anyone with a fundamental grasp of XML should be able describe some of the main differences outlined in the table below
XML HTML
User definable tags Defined set of tags designed for web display
Content driven Format driven
End tags required for well formed documents End tags not required
Quotes required around attributes values Quotes not required
Slash required in empty tags Slash not required

Front 56

Give a few examples of types of applications that can benefit from using XML.

Back 56

There are literally thousands of applications that can benefit from XML technologies. The point of this question is not to have the candidate rattle off a laundry list of projects that they have worked on, but, rather, to allow the candidate to explain the rationale for choosing XML by citing a few real world examples. For instance, one appropriate answer is that XML allows content management systems to store documents independently of their format, which thereby reduces data redundancy. Another answer relates to B2B exchanges or supply chain management systems. In these instances, XML provides a mechanism for multiple companies to exchange data according to an agreed upon set of rules. A third common response involves wireless applications that require WML to render data on hand held devices.

Front 57

What is DOM and how does it relate to XML?

Back 57

The Document Object Model (DOM) is an interface specification maintained by the W3C DOM Workgroup that defines an application independent mechanism to access, parse, or update XML data. In simple terms it is a hierarchical model that allows developers to manipulate XML documents easily Any developer that has worked extensively with XML should be able to discuss the concept and use of DOM objects freely. Additionally, it is not unreasonable to expect advanced candidates to thoroughly understand its internal workings and be able to explain how DOM differs from an event-based interface like SAX.

Front 58

What is SOAP and how does it relate to XML?

Back 58

The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) uses XML to define a protocol for the exchange of information in distributed computing environments. SOAP consists of three components: an envelope, a set of encoding rules, and a convention for representing remote procedure calls. Unless experience with SOAP is a direct requirement for the open position, knowing the specifics of the protocol, or how it can be used in conjunction with HTTP, is not as important as identifying it as a natural application of XML.

Front 59

Can you walk us through the steps necessary to parse XML documents?

Back 59

Superficially, this is a fairly basic question. However, the point is not to determine whether candidates understand the concept of a parser but rather have them walk through the process of parsing XML documents step-by-step. Determining whether a non-validating or validating parser is needed, choosing the appropriate parser, and handling errors are all important aspects to this process that should be included in the candidate's response.

Front 60

What are possible implementations of distributed applications in .NET?

Back 60

.NET Remoting and ASP.NET Web Services. If we talk about the Framework Class Library, noteworthy classes are in System.Runtime.Remoting and System.Web.Services.

Front 61

What are the consideration in deciding to use .NET Remoting or ASP.NET Web Services?

Back 61

Remoting is a more efficient communication exchange when you can control both ends of the application involved in the communication process. Web Services provide an open-protocol-based exchange of informaion. Web Services are best when you need to communicate with an external organization or another (non-.NET) technology.

Front 62

What’s a proxy of the server object in .NET Remoting?

Back 62

It’s a fake copy of the server object that resides on the client side and behaves as if it was the server. It handles the communication between real server object and the client object. This process is also known as marshaling.

Front 63

What are remotable objects in .NET Remoting?

Back 63

Remotable objects are the objects that can be marshaled across the application domains. You can marshal by value, where a deep copy of the object is created and then passed to the receiver. You can also marshal by reference, where just a reference to an existing object is passed.

Front 64

What are channels in .NET Remoting?

Back 64

Channels represent the objects that transfer the other serialized objects from one application domain to another and from one computer to another, as well as one process to another on the same box. A channel must exist before an object can be transferred.

Front 65

What security measures exist for .NET Remoting in System.Runtime.Remoting?

Back 65

None. Security should be taken care of at the application level. Cryptography and other security techniques can be applied at application or server level.

Front 66

What is a formatter?

Back 66

A formatter is an object that is responsible for encoding and serializing data into messages on one end, and deserializing and decoding messages into data on the other end.

Front 67

Choosing between HTTP and TCP for protocols and Binary and SOAP for formatters, what are the trade-offs?

Back 67

Binary over TCP is the most effiecient, SOAP over HTTP is the most interoperable.

Front 68

What’s SingleCall activation mode used for?

Back 68

If the server object is instantiated for responding to just one single request, the request should be made in SingleCall mode.

Front 69

What’s Singleton activation mode?

Back 69

A single object is instantiated regardless of the number of clients accessing it. Lifetime of this object is determined by lifetime lease.

Front 70

How do you define the lease of the object?

Back 70

By implementing ILease interface when writing the class code.

Front 71

Can you configure a .NET Remoting object via XML file?

Back 71

Yes, via machine.config and application level .config file (or web.config in ASP.NET). Application-level XML settings take precedence over machine.config.

Front 72

How can you automatically generate interface for the remotable object in .NET with Microsoft tools?

Back 72

Use the Soapsuds tool.