Asian American Final

Front 1

1st wave of Vietnamese migration

Back 1

pre-1975
elites and soldiers from South Vietnam anticipate the
end of the war and leave the country before the communists invade Saigon.

Front 2

2nd wave of Vietnamese migration

Back 2

1975-1980
with Vietnam closed off, engaged in wars with China
and Cambodia, many people, mostly ethnically Chinese, attempt to leave
Vietnam. The most common means is via boat.

Front 3

3rd wave of Vietnamese migration

Back 3

1980-1986
Vietnam is virtually closed off from the world and
suffering a terrible economic situation. Hundreds of thousands more attempt
to leave, mostly via boat.

Front 4

1st wave of Korean migration

Back 4

1903-1905
o Push factors
 Instability, corruption, epidemic, tension with Japan in Korea
o Pull factors
 Hawaii
• Plantation owners wanted a new pool of cheap labor
• Wanted to replace Japanese and Chinese workers, who became much more organized (esp the Japanese)
• Did not want to agree to the demands of the Japanese and Chinese labor force
o Tensions with Japan continued
 Korea lost its sovereign status with Japan in 1910
o Once they realized the Korean sovereignty was lost, they became extremely nationalistic and wanted to fight for the independence/freedom of Korea
o Role of Christianity
 Korea was primarily a Buddhist country, also influenced by Confucianism
 Christianity has had a presence in Korea, but isn’t predominant
 Yet, among Korean Americans, Christianity is the dominant faith
 The Church encouraged the Korean population to leave Korea for Hawaii
• Life was difficult, segregated, worked long hours
• Church became a place for social gathering, cohesiveness, hope, fueled nationalism

Front 5

2nd wave of Korean migration

Back 5

1941-1964
o Diverse group of people
 Korean War-Brides (Korean women married to American servicemen)
 Korean War Orphans adopted by American families
 Students
o Korean War in this time frame
o Korean War Brides
 Marriages were often unsuccessful
 High suicide, divorce rates, abuse, conflict
 Lived on military bases
 Were in a way, marginalized
 No Korean women to be in contact with
 Were not part of the larger society or the Korean community in America

Front 6

3rd wave of Korean migration

Back 6

o Post-1965
 Where most of the Korean immigration happens
o This group is different
 Educated
 Professional
 Mostly urban
 Mostly intact families
o Prospects of better life
 Upward mobility
 Political freedom

Front 7

The role of the church in Korean immigration

Back 7

religious
cultural
social
social service
educational
economic

Front 8

Role overload/strain

Back 8

too many responsibilities
• Can lead to stress, anxiety, fatigue
• All detrimental to marital quality

Front 9

Role conflict

Back 9

• Having to be at two places at once
o Pick up supplies for the business, go to daughter’s award ceremony
• Adds to the stress, anxiety, GUILT

Front 10

Why adults remain in abusive relationships

Back 10

Religion
Culture
Economic Dependency
Isolation

Front 11

Cultural reasons adults remain in abusive relationships

Back 11

 Notions about family honor/shame
 Families may not be sympathetic to the breakup of the marriage, may advice the victim to stay in the difficult relationship because of what it would mean to go public with the violence
 Role of the wife
• Supposed to be submissive, accept challenges, not abandon family
 Socialized to keep it private, deal with it
 Guilt at leaving, expected to remain and keep the family together
 Fear
• Threats that the partner may have made (harm the victim, the victim’s family, suicide)
 Hope
• This is a bad time/phase, but they’re hopeful for the future; they may be able to change the individual; sometimes false hope
 Rationalizing violence
• “if only I had kept the house in a better shape”
• “if only we had not immigrated”
• “if only the job situation were better”
• “if only our children were doing better in school”
• Then he/she may not abuse me
• But the minute you justify abuse, you’re accepting it
 Emotional dependency
• This is the best that I’ve got
 Love
• I still love him
• Abusers usually not abusive all the time
• Remember the moments of love

Front 12

Kesh

Back 12

one of the 5 K's of Sikhism
uncut hair
 Sikh men are required not to cut their hair or trim their beard
 Hair is not to be let loose or unkempt, but look nice an neat
• Hair is to be piled on top of the head and kept in a turban
 Not all Sikhs practice it
 Makes them a visible community

Front 13

Sikhism

Back 13

relatively new religion
only about 500 years old
draws from Hinduism and Islam

Front 14

First wave of Indian immigrants

Back 14

primarily highly-educated males with professional skills and specializations
o Came to expand their horizons in professional organizations
o Wives were not as highly educated as their male counterparts

men were often married, became bigamous when the married Mexican women

Front 15

Second group of Indian immigrants

Back 15

highly-educated males and females
relatives of the first wave of highly-educated males

Front 16

India secedes from Britain in the year

Back 16

1947

Front 17

Punjab becomes

Back 17

India (secular)
Bangladesh (Muslim)
Pakistan (Muslim)

Sikhs in Pakistan become refugees

Front 18

similarities shared among Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs from India

Back 18

• Music
o Popular music
o Bollywood
 Bombay/Mumbai
 Movies
• Sports
o Cricket
 Introduced under colonialism
o Field hockey

Front 19

Men Muslim women can freely interact with

Back 19

Husband, brother, father, father-in-law, son
Anyone that she cannot marry
Does not include first cousins

Front 20

Hejab (five categories of wear)

Back 20

• Secularists do not wear it, feel the choice to dress however they want, so are indistinguishable from people of other religions
• Orthodox Muslim women wear a full veil, which covers the woman’s entire body (including hands, shoes, ankles),
• Moderates may wear the hejab, with no visibility of hair, face will be visible
• Other moderates may wear the hejab, but show a little hair, will not wear loose clothing, but will not wear anything skin tight
• Other moderates may not wear the hejab, but exercise some modesty in dress (covers bust, not skin tight)

Front 21

why are there more Muslim than Hindu transnational marriages

Back 21

there are Muslim communities all over the world

Front 22

Contemporary arranged marriages

Back 22

 Contemporary modified marriage
• If there is a failed marriage based on choice, go back to arranged marriage
o How is it modified?
 Criteria
• Education now valued in both brides and grooms
o Educated man wants an educated woman
o Educated women want something more than being homemakers
• Role of women changed
o Age difference shrinks
o Women older to complete education
 Greater autonomy
• Bride and groom discuss with their parents who would be the best mate for them

Front 23

Criteria for brides and grooms in Hindu (contemporary) arranged marriages

Back 23

o Grooms
 Stability, education, can support a lifestyle that the bride is accustomed to or better
• Did not want the bride to have a hard time adjusting to new lifestyle with her husband and his family
 Earning potential
o Brides
 Not expected to make a living
 If she was educated, primary goal was to educate her children
 Ideal women were those who were agreeable and had skills in homemaking

Front 24

Intergenerational conflict in Vietnamese families

Back 24

 Career choices, dating and mate selection, physical discipline and punishment
• Importance of education
o Confucianism in Vietnam: focus on family and education
o Education for education’s sake
 First layer: Learn because it is important to learn, not because it will get you somewhere in life
 Second layer: If you learn and learn well, then you have upward mobility
• Immigrant families latched on to this
• Many immigrant fathers who experienced downward mobility did not want this for their children, so pushed certain careers on their children that they believed were secure professions
o Certain types of education/careers
 Collective/individual
• What career is good for US as a family in the future
 Medical/Law/Engineering
 Kibria claims that she was so highly accepted in the Vietnamese community because she was educated
• Mate selection
o Endogamous marriages
 religion, race,
• Physical punishment as discipline
o Punishment or abuse?