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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The _____ is where the organism enters the host and is usually the same as the portal of exit.
Portal of Entry
An individual's degree of resistance to a pathogen is known as ______.
susceptibility
____ and _____ are less resistant than healthy adults.
Elderly and children
There are 4 stages of infection:
Incubation period
Prodromal stage
Full Stage of Illness
Convalescent Period
The time between when the pathogen enters the body and the 1st symptoms appear is called the ________.
Incubation period
The ____ stage of infection is when the person is most infectious. This is when the first signs and symptoms appear.
prodromal
During the ____ infection stage the signs and symptoms are very specific.
Full Stage of Illness
During the _____ stage of infection the signs and symptoms begin to disappear. It is the recovery period.
Convalescent Period
Factors affecting the risk of infection include:
-intact skin and mucous membranes
-normal pH levels
-WBC counts
-Age, sex, race, heredity
-Immunizations
-General Health Status
-Stress
-Invasive or Indwelling Medical Devices
Infection causes WBC counts to _____.
increase
A localized mechanism that responds to an invading or injury to prevent the spread of infection and promote healing is called ______.
Inflammatory response
The Inflammatory response is _____ term, does not provide _____, and is ______.
short term
immunity
nonspecific
Infection is usually accompanied by _____ but _____ does not always indicate infection.
inflammation
inflammation
The purpose of inflammation is to purge the body of _____ and assist in initiating both ____ and ____ immune responses.
potentially harmful microorganisms

antibody mediated and cell mediated
There are 3 stages of Inflammatory response:
-Vascular
-Cellular Exudate
-Tissue Repair and Replacement
Phase I of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage is...
very short term vasoconstriction.
Phase II of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage is characterized by ____.
vasodilation
Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability occurs in _______ of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage.
Phase II
Swelling and pain occur in _____ of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage.
Phase II
Increased capillary permeability causes leaking of ____ and ____ which then causes swelling and pain.
plasma proteins and white cells
During phase II of the vascular inflammatory response stage the _____ wall off the area so that bacteria can't get out.
plasma proteins
The 2nd stage of inflammatory response is _____.
cellular exudate
The stage of inflammatory response where the main part of phagocytosis occurs is the ______ phase.
cellular exudate
Phagocytosis is carried out by ______.
neutrophils
____ and ____ produce puss during the cellular exudate phase. This is the cellular exudate.
Neutrophils and plasma leakage
The 3rd stage of Inflammatory Response is ______.
Tissue and Replacement
In the cellular exudate stage there is a secretion of ______ and other substances. These substances sustain the ______ and keep it going as a defense mechanism. This is the part of cellular exudate that Ibuprofen works on.
histamines
inflammatory response
During The Tissue Repair and Replacement stage of inflammatory response the cells are _____. If they can't be then _____ forms.
regenerated
scar tissue
You know that regeneration is occurring when ____ appears in the wound.
granulation tissue
____ is pink/beefy red and should not be disturbed because it is good and a sign of healing.
Granulation tissue
Cardinal signs of the inflammatory response include:
-pain
-edema
-local heat
-erythema
-changes in function
Pain during the inflammatory response is due to...
tissue swelling and irritation/inflammation of nerve endings
Fluid accumulation at the site during inflammatory response is _____.
edema
_____ in the inflammatory response is due to increased blood flow to the area.
Local Heat
_____ during the inflammatory response is due to increased blood flow to the area.
Erythema
_____ during the inflammatory response is due to pain and swelling.
Changes in function
______ Immune Response is the body's response to neutralize, eliminate, or destroy to a specific invading foreign substance or its own protein.
Antibody Mediated
During Antibody Mediated Immune Response the ____ is the pathogen or foreign material.
antigen
The product produced by the body in response to the antigen is called the ______.
antibody
Antibody Mediated Immune Response begins with _____. They are sensitized to one type of ______. These sensitized B cells produce _____ and _____. The _____ hold sensitization and the _____ produce proteins/antibodies which neutralize and destroy the pathogen.
virgin B cells
pathogen
Memory B cells and Effector B Cells
Memory B cells
Effector B Cells
The Antibody Mediated Immune Response provides defense against infection via ____ or ____ immunity.
Active or Passive
During ____ immunity the pathogens actually enter the body.
active
Natural active immunity is when...
you have the disease.
An example of natural active immunity is...
immunity from getting the chicken pox.
Artificial active immunity is acquired thru _____.
immunizations
_____ is when a pathogen is placed in the body usually via a vaccine. Booster shots are required.
Artificial Active Immunity
Natural passive immunity occurs thru...
breast milk or in utero (placenta).
Artificial passive immunity is used in...
very serious situations.
During _____ the actual antibodies are given. An example is rabies shots or tetanus.
artificial passive immunity
Recommended immunizations for adults include:
-MMR
-Tetanus/Diptheria
-Hepatitis B
-Influenza
-Pneumococcal
MMR is recommended for anyone born after ____.
1956
Pneumococcal vaccines should not be given to...
pregnant women even if they are at risk.
The WBC's most important in cell mediated immunity are ______.
T-lymphocytes
During cell mediated immune response, the _____ halts killer T production.
suppresor T
_____ happens when a person develops an inappropriate immune response.
Autoimmunity
______ is antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses that are directed toward healthy cells or tissues.
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity can affect any ____ and can be ____ specific or _____.
tissue
organ
systemic
_____ is clean technique used to decrease the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread.
Medical Asepsis
_____ is sterile technique used to eliminate ALL microorganisms from an area.
Surgical Asepsis
Ways to protect the patient against infection are:
-handwashing
-good client hygiene
-nutrition
-fluid
-sleep
-stress
-immunizations
-infection control dept
-infection prevention practices
_____ precautions are techniques used to prevent or limit the spread of infection among patients, healthcare personnel and visitors.
Isolation Precautions
There are 2 tiers of isolation precautions according to CDC guidelines:
-standard precautions
-transmission-based precautions
_____ precautions are used regarding every patient.
Standard
_____ precautions are specific to whatever is wrong with the patient.
Transmission-based
Standard precautions are used in the care of ____ patients and apply to ____.
ALL
all body fluids
Standard precautions incorporate the features of _____ that were used in the past.
Universal precautions
Components of Standard Precautions include:
-clean gloves
-prompt handwashing
-PPE
-avoid recapping used needles
-dispose of single-use equipment properly and promptly
-use appropriate environmental controls
-assign rooms with care
PPE consists of...
-wash hands
-gown, mask, eyewear, gloves
-tie gown securely
-mask fitted to face
-eyewear to front and sides
-glove cuffs over gown sleeves
-remove gloves1st if gown tie is in back.
The last piece of PPE to come off is _____.
mask
Contact precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
red
Droplet precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
green
Airborne precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
blue
NIOSH precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
gray
Immunocompromised precautions are shown with a _____ sign.
gold
Isolation precautions require ____ be used.
dedicated equipment
For contact precautions you should wear...
gown and gloves.
For droplet precautions you should wear...
a mask if within 3 feet of the patient.
For Airborne precautions you should wear ____ and the client should be in a negative air flow room.
a mask at all times
NIOSH precautions require the patient to be in a _____ and the nurse to wear a _____.
negative air flow room
custom fitted mask
Immunocompromised precautions are for people with an absolute neutrophil count less than ____ because of illness or treatment.
500
The caregiver must be healthy for patients who are under ______ precautions.
immunocompromised
Droplet precautions are often implemented for patients with...
flu, meningitis, and aerolizing MRSA
NIOSH precautions are implemented for patients with...
respiratory tuberculosis
Airborne precautions are often implemented for patients with...
measles or chicken pox
Immunocompromised precautions are often implemented for...
chemo patients and full blown end stage AIDS patients
Indicators of infection include:
T> _____
P> _____
____ WBC's
____ESR
____CRP
Medications
Nutrition
Pain
Edema
Erythema
Indicators of infection include:
T> 100.4 F
P> 90/min
increased WBC's
increased ESR
+ CRP
____ is a nonspecific test that helps detect inflammation.
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
CRP is only positive with _____.
inflammation
High ESR means _____.
inflammation
When assessing a patient with an infection, ask if they have taken _____ or _____.
antipyretics or antibiotics
The normal count of WBC's is _______.
5,000-10,000