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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The _____ is where the organism enters the host and is usually the same as the portal of exit.
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Portal of Entry
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An individual's degree of resistance to a pathogen is known as ______.
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susceptibility
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____ and _____ are less resistant than healthy adults.
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Elderly and children
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There are 4 stages of infection:
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Incubation period
Prodromal stage Full Stage of Illness Convalescent Period |
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The time between when the pathogen enters the body and the 1st symptoms appear is called the ________.
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Incubation period
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The ____ stage of infection is when the person is most infectious. This is when the first signs and symptoms appear.
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prodromal
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During the ____ infection stage the signs and symptoms are very specific.
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Full Stage of Illness
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During the _____ stage of infection the signs and symptoms begin to disappear. It is the recovery period.
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Convalescent Period
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Factors affecting the risk of infection include:
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-intact skin and mucous membranes
-normal pH levels -WBC counts -Age, sex, race, heredity -Immunizations -General Health Status -Stress -Invasive or Indwelling Medical Devices |
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Infection causes WBC counts to _____.
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increase
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A localized mechanism that responds to an invading or injury to prevent the spread of infection and promote healing is called ______.
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Inflammatory response
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The Inflammatory response is _____ term, does not provide _____, and is ______.
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short term
immunity nonspecific |
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Infection is usually accompanied by _____ but _____ does not always indicate infection.
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inflammation
inflammation |
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The purpose of inflammation is to purge the body of _____ and assist in initiating both ____ and ____ immune responses.
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potentially harmful microorganisms
antibody mediated and cell mediated |
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There are 3 stages of Inflammatory response:
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-Vascular
-Cellular Exudate -Tissue Repair and Replacement |
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Phase I of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage is...
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very short term vasoconstriction.
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Phase II of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage is characterized by ____.
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vasodilation
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Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability occurs in _______ of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage.
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Phase II
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Swelling and pain occur in _____ of the Vascular Inflammatory Response Stage.
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Phase II
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Increased capillary permeability causes leaking of ____ and ____ which then causes swelling and pain.
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plasma proteins and white cells
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During phase II of the vascular inflammatory response stage the _____ wall off the area so that bacteria can't get out.
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plasma proteins
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The 2nd stage of inflammatory response is _____.
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cellular exudate
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The stage of inflammatory response where the main part of phagocytosis occurs is the ______ phase.
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cellular exudate
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Phagocytosis is carried out by ______.
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neutrophils
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____ and ____ produce puss during the cellular exudate phase. This is the cellular exudate.
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Neutrophils and plasma leakage
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The 3rd stage of Inflammatory Response is ______.
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Tissue and Replacement
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In the cellular exudate stage there is a secretion of ______ and other substances. These substances sustain the ______ and keep it going as a defense mechanism. This is the part of cellular exudate that Ibuprofen works on.
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histamines
inflammatory response |
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During The Tissue Repair and Replacement stage of inflammatory response the cells are _____. If they can't be then _____ forms.
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regenerated
scar tissue |
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You know that regeneration is occurring when ____ appears in the wound.
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granulation tissue
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____ is pink/beefy red and should not be disturbed because it is good and a sign of healing.
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Granulation tissue
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Cardinal signs of the inflammatory response include:
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-pain
-edema -local heat -erythema -changes in function |
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Pain during the inflammatory response is due to...
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tissue swelling and irritation/inflammation of nerve endings
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Fluid accumulation at the site during inflammatory response is _____.
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edema
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_____ in the inflammatory response is due to increased blood flow to the area.
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Local Heat
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_____ during the inflammatory response is due to increased blood flow to the area.
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Erythema
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_____ during the inflammatory response is due to pain and swelling.
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Changes in function
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______ Immune Response is the body's response to neutralize, eliminate, or destroy to a specific invading foreign substance or its own protein.
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Antibody Mediated
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During Antibody Mediated Immune Response the ____ is the pathogen or foreign material.
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antigen
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The product produced by the body in response to the antigen is called the ______.
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antibody
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Antibody Mediated Immune Response begins with _____. They are sensitized to one type of ______. These sensitized B cells produce _____ and _____. The _____ hold sensitization and the _____ produce proteins/antibodies which neutralize and destroy the pathogen.
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virgin B cells
pathogen Memory B cells and Effector B Cells Memory B cells Effector B Cells |
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The Antibody Mediated Immune Response provides defense against infection via ____ or ____ immunity.
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Active or Passive
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During ____ immunity the pathogens actually enter the body.
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active
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Natural active immunity is when...
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you have the disease.
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An example of natural active immunity is...
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immunity from getting the chicken pox.
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Artificial active immunity is acquired thru _____.
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immunizations
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_____ is when a pathogen is placed in the body usually via a vaccine. Booster shots are required.
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Artificial Active Immunity
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Natural passive immunity occurs thru...
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breast milk or in utero (placenta).
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Artificial passive immunity is used in...
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very serious situations.
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During _____ the actual antibodies are given. An example is rabies shots or tetanus.
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artificial passive immunity
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Recommended immunizations for adults include:
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-MMR
-Tetanus/Diptheria -Hepatitis B -Influenza -Pneumococcal |
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MMR is recommended for anyone born after ____.
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1956
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Pneumococcal vaccines should not be given to...
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pregnant women even if they are at risk.
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The WBC's most important in cell mediated immunity are ______.
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T-lymphocytes
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During cell mediated immune response, the _____ halts killer T production.
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suppresor T
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_____ happens when a person develops an inappropriate immune response.
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Autoimmunity
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______ is antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses that are directed toward healthy cells or tissues.
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Autoimmunity
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Autoimmunity can affect any ____ and can be ____ specific or _____.
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tissue
organ systemic |
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_____ is clean technique used to decrease the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread.
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Medical Asepsis
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_____ is sterile technique used to eliminate ALL microorganisms from an area.
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Surgical Asepsis
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Ways to protect the patient against infection are:
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-handwashing
-good client hygiene -nutrition -fluid -sleep -stress -immunizations -infection control dept -infection prevention practices |
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_____ precautions are techniques used to prevent or limit the spread of infection among patients, healthcare personnel and visitors.
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Isolation Precautions
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There are 2 tiers of isolation precautions according to CDC guidelines:
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-standard precautions
-transmission-based precautions |
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_____ precautions are used regarding every patient.
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Standard
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_____ precautions are specific to whatever is wrong with the patient.
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Transmission-based
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Standard precautions are used in the care of ____ patients and apply to ____.
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ALL
all body fluids |
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Standard precautions incorporate the features of _____ that were used in the past.
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Universal precautions
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Components of Standard Precautions include:
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-clean gloves
-prompt handwashing -PPE -avoid recapping used needles -dispose of single-use equipment properly and promptly -use appropriate environmental controls -assign rooms with care |
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PPE consists of...
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-wash hands
-gown, mask, eyewear, gloves -tie gown securely -mask fitted to face -eyewear to front and sides -glove cuffs over gown sleeves -remove gloves1st if gown tie is in back. |
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The last piece of PPE to come off is _____.
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mask
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Contact precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
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red
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Droplet precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
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green
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Airborne precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
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blue
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NIOSH precautions are shown with a ____ sign.
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gray
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Immunocompromised precautions are shown with a _____ sign.
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gold
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Isolation precautions require ____ be used.
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dedicated equipment
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For contact precautions you should wear...
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gown and gloves.
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For droplet precautions you should wear...
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a mask if within 3 feet of the patient.
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For Airborne precautions you should wear ____ and the client should be in a negative air flow room.
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a mask at all times
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NIOSH precautions require the patient to be in a _____ and the nurse to wear a _____.
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negative air flow room
custom fitted mask |
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Immunocompromised precautions are for people with an absolute neutrophil count less than ____ because of illness or treatment.
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500
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The caregiver must be healthy for patients who are under ______ precautions.
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immunocompromised
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Droplet precautions are often implemented for patients with...
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flu, meningitis, and aerolizing MRSA
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NIOSH precautions are implemented for patients with...
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respiratory tuberculosis
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Airborne precautions are often implemented for patients with...
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measles or chicken pox
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Immunocompromised precautions are often implemented for...
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chemo patients and full blown end stage AIDS patients
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Indicators of infection include:
T> _____ P> _____ ____ WBC's ____ESR ____CRP Medications Nutrition Pain Edema Erythema |
Indicators of infection include:
T> 100.4 F P> 90/min increased WBC's increased ESR + CRP |
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____ is a nonspecific test that helps detect inflammation.
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ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
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CRP is only positive with _____.
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inflammation
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High ESR means _____.
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inflammation
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When assessing a patient with an infection, ask if they have taken _____ or _____.
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antipyretics or antibiotics
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The normal count of WBC's is _______.
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5,000-10,000
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