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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the main feature of an organic compound

CARBON

Anything that ONLY contains carbon and hydrogen is called....

A hydrocarbon

Define saturated and unsaturated in terms of hydrocarbons

Saturated- No double bonds. Every carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens




Unsaturated- One or more double bonds, the hydrocarbon does not contain the maximum number of hydrogens

Give the structural formula of 3-methylpentan-1-ol



Structural: CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2OH

Define Functional group and give 4 examples of functional groups

An atom or group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions and predictable properties


E.g. Aldehydes


Carboxylic acids


Ketones


Alcohols


Amines


Alkane


Alkene

Define Homologous series

Compounds with the same functional group, which differ by a CH2, with similar chemical and physical properties, that show graduation

What are the types of structural isomerism?

Chain isomerism


Positional isomerism


(Functional group isomerism?)

What is stereoisomerism?

Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space (three dimensions)

Geometric isomers


(e/z) are a type of .........

stereo isomer

Describe the process of Fractional Distillation

Crude oil is the feed stock. It is heated in a furnace


There is a temperature gradient through the column- hotter near the top, cooler near the bottom


Different fractions condense at different temperatures/heights in the column


Bigger/longer chain molecules are at the bottom. Shorter/smaller molecules are at the top.


Each fraction still contains a few compounds so go through further distillation separately

Describe the process of cracking and why it is useful

There are fewer uses for long chain hydrocarbons, so excess of these can be 'cracked' into shorter ones.


The process:


Pass the long hydrocarbons over a heated Zeolite catalyst


Forms an alkane and an alkene



Describe why the process of reforming is useful and give an example of it happening:


pentane into a cycloalkane

Straight chain hydrocarbons burn less efficiently/smoothly than branched and cyclical ones. (e.g. in car engines)


The process:


Pentane -------> cyclopentane + H2



Define:


Fractional distillation


Cracking


Reforming

Fractional distillation- The process used to separate a liquid into fractions by boiling and condensing


Cracking- The breakdown of molecules into shorter ones by heating with a catalyst


Reforming- The conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons

Briefly describe where we can get biodiesel and bioalcohols (bioethanol in particular) from, and give a reason why using these sources could have a negative impact

Biodiesel- Starting material from rapeseed and sunflowers


Bipethanol- produced using bacteria rather than enzymes. This means a wider range of plants can be used and the amount of ethanol obtained from the plants is higher.




In the US, corn is the main source of ethanol used in cars. Some people think this is bad as it could be being used to feed people

What factors must you consider when comparing or assessing a biofuel?

Land use


Yield


Manufacture and transport


Carbon neutrality

What does 'Carbon Neutral' mean?

Resulting in no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

How do you get ethanol from petroleum?

Petroleum


|


|Fractional distilation and cracking


V


Ethene


|


|Hydration


V


Ethanol

How can you make ethanol renewably

Starch


|


|


V


Glucose


|


|Fermentation


V


Ethanol

The chlorination of methane is done through what mechanism?


Write the stages and equations

Free radical substitutuion


Initiation: Cl2 ------> 2Cl*


Propagation: Cl* + CH4 ----> CH3* + HCl


CH3* + Cl2 ------> CH3Cl + Cl*


Termination: 2Cl* -----> Cl2


CH3* + CH3* -----> C2H6


CH3* + Cl* ----> CH3Cl

What is a radical

An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron

What condition is required for initiation of free radical substitution?

UV Light

Radicals are formed via ................ of a covalent bond

Homolytic fission

Define mechanism

A sequence of steps in an over all reaction.

An addition reaction involves breaking a ........... bond, and forms a ........... product

Pi


Saturated

Hydrogenation is a type of .......... reaction and is done with a ................ catalyst

Addition


Nickel

Halogenation is type of .......... reaction. The mechanism used is.....

Addition


Electrophilic addition

The intermediates formed in addition reaction of alkenes are called ...............

Carbocationsl

Hydration of alkenes is done by reacting the alkene with ............ over a ..................... catalyst

Steam


Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

What reaction can you use to test for a C=C?



Addition of bromine (bromine water)


Brown to colourless


(electrophilic addition)

Hydration of alkenes forms .........

Alcohols

Define an electrophile

A species that is attracted to regions of high electron density

Why can more than one product be formed in some addition reactions?

Because more than one type of carbocation can form (primary, secondary, tertiary)

Which type of carbocation (primary , secondary, tertiary) is most likely to form and why?

Tertiary - This is the most stable (the positive charge is more spread) so forms more readily

Enthalpy is....

the measure of the total energy in a system

When energy is transferred from the system to the surrounding the reaction is ........

Exothermic

When energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system the reaction is ........

endothermic

Define the standard enthalpy change of combustion

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burned in oxygen, under standard conditions

Define the standard enthalpy change of formation

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states, under standard conditions

Define standard enthalpy change of neutralisation

The enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced by the neutralisation of an acid and alkali

Define bond enthalpy

The enthalpy change when one mole of a bond is broken is the gaseous