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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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11 speech features |
1. Informal terms - "yeah" 2. Elision (missing sounds) 3. Contractions - "d'you" / "gonna" 4. Fillers - "er" / "um" 5. Discourse markers - "right" / "now" 6. Interruptions 7. Turn taking (minimal interruptions/overlaps) 8. Adjacency pairs - "how are you?" "Fine." 9. Deixis (pointy words) - "this" / "that" 10. Pauses (stop flow of convo) 11. Intonation |
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Power - Summary of theories |
Goffman - footing Giles - convergence/divergence Brown and Levinson - positive/negative face and face threatening acts Grices Maxims - Maxims of relevance (on topic), quality (truthful), quantity (don't say too much/little) , manner (be clear) Austin - 5 speech acts Declarative - alters situation by action Expressive - opinion Representative - committed to truth Directive - tries to get listener to do something Commisive - committed to a cause of action. |
Goffman, Brown & Levinson, Giles, Grice, Austin |
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Features to consider in courtroom analysis |
Exchange structure pattern - i.e. Adjacency pairs Question types - open and closed Sentence types - Declarative, imperative, interoggative, directives Idiolect of magistrate/defendant Who holds the power/lexis used |
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Purposes of text/speech |
To inform To instruct To persuade |
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4 different types of morphemes (unit of meaning) |
Independent: stand alone Dependant: attached to other morphemes Grammatical: give grammatical info (plurals) Creative: create new words |
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Analysing a text |
1) does it convey emotions/facts/opinions -> look out for word class 2) formal/informal. Link to a theme? 3) personal/impersonal -> pronouns 4) non-standard English? 5) literal or figurative? |
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Register |
Register: how formal you are Mode: means of conversation (written or spoken) Tenor: the relationship between audience and speaker -> pronouns, q's and formality Feild: general purpose |
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Discourse structure |
List/instructions: logical progression -> imperatives to guide/instruct Problem - solution: identifies problem Analysis: break down key ideas Narrative: telling a series of events. |
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Oral narrative analysis: Labovs categories |
Abstract: indication a narrative is starting and want for attention Orientation: who, what,why, where -> sets the narrative Action: The main body, provides detail Resolution: final events -> gives listener closure Evaluation: additions to basic story, Coda: a sign the narrative is complete |
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Analysis of conversation |
Adjacency pairs are common. Triadic stricture: initiation - response - feedback Turn taking and control |
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Spoken discourse key features |
Back - channeling Discourse markers Fillers Hedging False starts Skip connectors Fixed/vague expression Ellipses Tag q's Deixis Non-fluency features |
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Phonology |
Onomatopoeia, sibalance, alliteration, assonance, consonance, repition. Humour - manipulated lang: homophones (words that sound similar), puns. |
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Pragmatics (meaning) |
Level of formality Ambiguity - confusion in meanings Language change Connotation Idiomatic (common everyday language like puns) Field of reference |
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Word classes |
Noun: naming words Verb: doing words Adjective: add detail to noun Adverb: add detail to verb Determiner: in front of a noun for clarity (A, The, An) Conjuction: link together (And, Because) Preposition: Time and space (before, behind) Pronoun: replaces noun (I, me, you, him) |
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Verbs |
Modal auxiliary: shows a potential/future possibility (may, might, shall) Material: describes action/ process (skip, move, write) Relational: states of being/to identify (is, become, dissapear) Mental: perception, thought, speech (speculate, believe, love) Dynamic: change over time (devour, clean, remove) Stative: constant (love, believe, hold) |
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Adjectives - David crystal |
Base: big Comparative: bigger Superlative: biggest |
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Pronoun |
Personal: actual person - (I, me, you) Possessive: ownership - (my, his, their) Reflexive: ends with -self (myself) Demonstrative: point out (that, these) Relative: introduces (who, whom, which) |
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Connectives |
Enumeration - firstly Consequence - as a result Comparative - similary Temporal - afterwards Summative - therefore |
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