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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hydrocarbons |
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only. |
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Saturated hydrocarbon |
A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with single bonds only. |
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Unsaturated hydrocarbon |
An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple shows. |
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Aliphatic hydrocarbon |
An aliphatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains. |
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Alicyclic hydrocarbon |
An alicyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure. |
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Functional group |
A functional group is the part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions. |
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Homologus series |
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2. |
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Alkanes |
Alkanes are the homologous series with the general formula: CnH2n+2. |
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Nomenclature |
Nomenclature is a system of naming compounds. |
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Alkyl group |
An alkyl group is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed. |
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General formula |
A general formula is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. |
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Displayed formula |
A displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them. |
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Structural formula |
A structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. |
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Skeletal formula |
A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups. |
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Structural isomers |
Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but with different structural arrangement of atom. |
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Stereoisomers |
Stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space. |
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E/Z Isomerism |
E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C double bond. |
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Cis-trans isomerism |
Cis-trans isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C double bond: The cis isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side; the trans isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides. |
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Homolytic Fission |
The breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. |
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Radical |
A species with an unpaired electron. |
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Heterolytic fission |
The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+ ion) and anion (- ion). |
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Nucleophile |
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
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Electrophile |
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
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Addition reaction |
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule. |
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Substitution reaction |
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms. |
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Elimination reaction |
Refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. |
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Fractional distillation |
The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column. |
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Cracking |
Refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes. |
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Catalyst |
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process. |
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Radical substitution |
A type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms. |
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Mechanism |
A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction. |
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Initiation |
The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation. |
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Propagation |
The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction. |
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Termination |
The steps at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule. |
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Pi-bond |
The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals. |
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Electrophilic addition |
A type of reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. |
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Carbocation |
An organic ion in which a carbon has a positive charge. |
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Curly arrow |
A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond. |
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Polymer |
A long molecular chain built up from monomer units. |
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Monomer |
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer. |
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Addition polymerisation |
The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain (the addition polymer). |
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Addition polymer |
A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers). |
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Repeat unit |
A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeat units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol n. |
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Biodegradable material |
A material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms. |
