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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the stages of cell division.
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1. Interphase
2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinesis |
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Describe Interphase
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- DNA and cell contents is replicated
- Cell growth occurs |
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Describe Prophase
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- Chromosomes condense and coil
- Forms 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere - They become visible - Nuclear envelope breaks down - Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell |
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Describe Metaphase
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- Spindle fibres originate from protein fibres in centrioles
- Sister chromatids bind to spindle fibres by their centromere and line up at the equator |
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Describe Anaphase
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- Spindle fibres contract
- Chromatids are pulled apart by centromere - Pulled to opposite poles - Spindle fibre breaks down |
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Describe Telophase and Cytokinesis
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Telophase:
- Nuclear envelope reforms - Chromosomes decondense and uncoil - They become invisible Cytokinesis: - Plasma membrane nips at centre - Splits into two separate cells |
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Name the process used in sexual reproduction
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Meosis
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What is sexual reproduction?
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When the nuclei of two gametes fuse together to form a zygote
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What is the biological name for body cells?
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Somatic Cells
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Are cells produced by meiosis genetically identical or not?
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They are not genetically identical
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Define diploid
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Cells with two copies of each chromosome
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Define haploid
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Cells with one copy of each chromosome
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Describe the difference in mitosis in a plant cell
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1. Cell plate forms
2. Cytokinesis occurs at cell plate 3. Only occurs in meristem cells 4. Tubulin proteins in cytoplasm replace centrioles 5. Nuclear envelope does not form at telophase |
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At which point does cell specialisation occur?
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8 cell stage
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What is mitosis required for?
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Cell growth
Repair Asexual reproduction |
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What is produced via Asexual reproduction?
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Genetically identical clones
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What are the advantages of Asexual reproduction?
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- Quick
- Only requires one parent |
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Describe the process of yeast budding.
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1. DNA in original cell is duplicated
2. A bud begins to emerge 3. Nucleus migrates to edge of bud 4. Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres form 6. Mitosis occurs, pulling half of the chromosomes into the bud and the other half into the original cell 7. Telophase and cytokinesis occur. |
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Define differentiation
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The development of a cell to become specialised for a particular function.
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Define stem cell
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A cell which has not differentiated and is capable of becoming any type of cell
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What can cells in bone marrow become?
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Erythrocytes and Neutrophils
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Describe specialisations of Erythrocytes
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- Lots of haemoglobin
- Biconcave shape - No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles |
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What is the function of Erythrocytes?
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Transport of oxygen
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Describe specialisations of Sperm cells
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- digestive enzymes in acrosome to break into egg cell
- Undulipodia for movement - haploid number of chromosomes - Lots of mitochondria in undulipodia |
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What is the function of a sperm cell?
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Fertilisation of the ovum
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Describe specialisations of Cililated epithelium cell
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- Cilia to waft away mucus
- Column shaped - May produce mucus |
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What is the function of cililated epithelium cells?
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Movement of substances
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Describe specialisations of squamous epithelium
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- Flat cells
- Thin |
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What is the function of squamous epithelium tissue?
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Forms walls of the alveoli and the heart
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Describe specialisations of Neutrophil
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- lots of golgi
- lots of RER and mitocondria - Extensive cytoplasm - lots of enzymes |
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What is the function of Neutrophils?
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Ingests invading organisms
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Describe specialisations of Palisade cells
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- lots of chloroplasts
- long and thin - Able to move chloroplast towards the light |
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What is the function of Palisade cells?
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Photosynthesis
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Describe specialisations of guard cells
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- thick one sided and sausage shaped
- spiral thickenings to avoid opening |
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What is the function of guard cells?
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Controls stomata opening
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Describe specialisations of root hair cells
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- hair projections on surface
- large surface area - lack of chloroplasts |
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What is the function of root hair cells?
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Absorbs water and minerals from soil
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Describe the basic organisation of the human body?
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1. Cells
2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Organ systems 5. Organisms |
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What is a cell?
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The basic single functional unit of all living things
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What are tissues?
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A collection of cells working in intercellular secretion to carry out a particular function
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What is an organ?
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A collection of tissues forming a functioning structural unit
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What is an organ system?
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A collection of organs working together to carry out a particular process
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What is an organism?
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A collection of tissue and organ systems, working together to form an individual living thing capable of enacting the seven processes of life
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What is the location, tissue type and function of Xylem?
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Plant
Plant stem Transport of water |
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What is the location, tissue type and function of Phloem?
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Plant
Plant Stem/leaves Transport of assimilates |
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What is the location, tissue type and function of Cililated Epithelium?
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Animal
Fallopian tubes Movement |
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What is the location, tissue type and function of Squamous epithelium?
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Animal
Heart Reduces friction |
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Define osmosis
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The net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential via a partially permeable membrane
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Define water potential
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The measure of water molecules capable of diffusing
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What is the water potential of pure water?
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0kPa
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Define hypertonic
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High concentration of solute
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Define hypotonic
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Low concentration of solute
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Define isotonic
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Equal concentration of solute
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What happens to a plant cell in pure water?
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- Higher water potential outside of the cell
- Water moves into the cell via osmosis - Cell becomes turgid - Cell wall prevents bursting and creates pressure to avoid more water entering |
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What happens to a plant cell in a sugar solution?
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- Higher water potential inside the cell
- Water moves out of the cell via osmosis - Plasma membrane comes away from edges and the cell becomes plasmolysed |
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What happens to an animal cell in pure water?
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- Higher water potential outside of the cell
- Water moves into the cell via osmosis - Cell is haemolysed |
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What happens to an animal cell in sugar solution?
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- Higher water potential inside the cell
- Water moves out of the cell via osmosis - Cell becomes crenated |
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How do you calculate % change in mass?
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(change in mass/starting mass) x 100
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Where in the plant are Xylem vessel and phloem sieve tubes formed?
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Cambium
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Define Homologous pair of chromosomes
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A pair of chromosomes formed from one maternal and one paternal chromosome with identical genes and usually consisting of the same length and centromere location
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Why is it important for cell contents to duplicate prior to mitosis?
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The cell must divide to form 2 cells with the diploid number of chromosomes that are genetically identical to each other
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What are the 3 main differences in mitosis in plants?
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- Occurs only in meristem cells
- Tubulin proteins made in cytoplasm replace centrioles - cytokinesis starts on the exterior and a cell plate forms at the equator |
