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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is chondroitin sulfate?
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mucopolysaccharide (or glycosaminoglycan), mjr constituent in various connective tissues, especially in the ground substance of blood vessels, bone, and cartilage
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What relationship does arsenic have with selenium?
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As protects against Se toxicity. Both stimulate the excretion of each other-mechanism unkwn
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Most abundant element in the earth’s crust next to O2
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Silicone (Si)
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Mineral that prevents tooth decay
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Fluorine (Fl)
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Deficiency that causes NMD
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Se or Vit E
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cal
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(calorie) amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1°C at a specified temperature. 4.184 joules
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kcal
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(kilocalorie) 1,000 calories. 4184 joules
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Mcal
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(megacalorie) 1,000 kcal, 4,184,000 joules
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Btu
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(British thermal unit) amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1lb of liquid H2O by 1°F at a constant pressure of one atmosphere
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Joule
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SI unit of energy defined as amount of work done by a force of 1 newton moving an object through a distance of 1 meter. 4.184 joules = 1 cal
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Bomb calorimeter
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measure heat of combustion of a particular rxn, calculates calorie content of biological fuel tested. Yields values for digestible DE, metabolizable ME, and net energy NE of feed
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Exudative diathesis
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a disease of young pigs and chickens caused by a nutritional mineral deficiency of vitamin E or Se. Characterized by severe edema of the subcutaneous tissues.
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Mineral component of xanthine oxidase
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Uric Acid. XO is a precursor to UA
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Describe body’s means of being able to maintain constant Ca levels in blood plasma
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(1) parathyroid gland releases PTH when low Ca blood conc, creating demand for Vit D3 (2) kidneys release Vit D3 as result of PTH (3) Vit D3 causes more Ca to be absorbed thru intestinal wall – Ca from bones to blood (4) Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption of Ca by cutting Ca absorp across intestinal walls as it facilitates Ca from blood to bones
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Excess of what mineral causes “big head” disease?
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Phosphorus, (Iodine)
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Parturient Paresis: other names, causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment
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(milk fever/hypocalcemia) causes: low blood conc of Ca brought on by rapid demands for milk prod, body will grab Ca from next aval src aka muscles, occurs w/in 72hrs of birth. symptoms: mild ataxia and muscle tremors to severe complete paralysis, coma and death. Treatment: Ca gluconate. Prevention: (w/in~1wk b4 birth) DCADs, PTH, Vit D
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Hypomagnesmeia
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low level of Mg in body. Causes: tetany, anorexia, reduced wt, low liver enzymes, hypercalcemia, “PMS” pigs, atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis
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hardening of heart valves. possible cause=Mg def
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Arteriosclerosis
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hardening of arteries. possible cause=Mg def
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Pica is associated with deficiency of this electrolyte
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K
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Deficiency symptoms include drinking of urine
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Na
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Sulfur (S) containing aa’s
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cystine, cysteine, methionine, taurine
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Deficiency causes night blindness
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Vit A
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Also called Vit B6
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pyridoxine, found in legumes, seeds
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Also called ascorbic acid
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Vit C
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Recognize symptoms of hypervitaminosis A (Vit A toxicity)
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anorexia, wt loss, skin thickening and flaking, eyelid swelling/crusting, alopecia, hemorrhaging, low bone density/hi fracture rate/thinning bone cortex, embryonic malformations/death, death
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Plant Vit D
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D2
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Animal Vit D
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D3
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Alpha tocopherol
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most active biological antioxidant of Vit E that is absorbed
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Deficiency of Vit __ causes rickets in ____ animals and ______ in older animals
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D, young, osteomalacia
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Mulberry heart disease caused by a deficiency of
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Vit E
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What is the difference b/t warfarin and dicoumarol? What are they? Where are they found?
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both are anticoagulants. dicoumarol is found naturally in many plants (eg: sweet clover, hay, pasture, silage) and warfarin is the synthetic Rx derivative of this. Both known as Vit K antagonists b/c they inhibit a crucial Vit K enzyme that allows blood coagulation proteins to work properly
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What is prothrombin?
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crucial blood coagulation protein, has many effects in the coagulation cascade and related rxns, synthesized in liver
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Beriberi
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def of Vit B1 in humans (thiamin)
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Pellagra
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def of Vit B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid), bright red tongue
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Consumption of bracken fern causes ____ in horses
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def of Vit B1 (thiamin), is antagonistic to utility of Vit B1
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Polyneuritis is caused by a def of ____.
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Vit B1 in poultry
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Curled-toe paralysis is caused by a deficiency of ___.
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Vit B2, a breakdown of myelin sheath of nerve fibers
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Used to treat hypercholesterolemia
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Vit B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid), promotes more efficient liver = utilized more efficiently by cells to burn cholesterol, can damage liver in lrg doses over time.
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Sometimes given to high-producing dairy cows to increase milk production
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Vit b3 (niacin)
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Plants cannot produce this B-complex vit
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B12 (cyanocobalamin)
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Deficiency of this vitamin ____ causes leukopenia
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folacin (folic acid)
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____ is the only vitamin requiring a specific GI tract secretion for its absorption. This secretion is called _____.
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B12 (cyanocobalamin), intrinsic factor
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coprophagy
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ingestion of dung or feces, a vice in dogs, normal in rabbits
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Is inositol a true vitamin? Why, why not?
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No, there’s no evidence that suggests animals can’t produce the amount they need on their own.
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___ & ___ are 2 anioxidants
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Vit C, Vit E
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deficiency of ___ causes scurvy
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Vit C
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Besides people, what other animals require dietary Vit C?
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other primates, guinea pigs
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Xerophthalmia
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Extreme dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva, often resulting from a deficiency of vitamin A, usually seen late winter
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Conjunctivitis
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(Pinkeye) Inflammation of the conjunctiva, characterized by redness and often accompanied by a discharge.
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Precursor
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A biochemical substance, such as an intermediate compound in a chain of enzymatic reactions, from which a more stable or definitive product is formed (eg: a precursor of insulin)
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What is MGA? What are its advantages?
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(Melengestrol Acetate) synthetic progesterone, common feed additive for feedlot heifers diets to suppress estrus and improve feed efficiency and growth rate. (eg’s: compudose, ralgro, synovex)
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Define MUN
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(Milk Urea Nitrogen) used to monitor protein nutritional status of dairy cows. MUN reflects amount of urea found in milk, these values closely correlated with concentration of urea found in blood
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High MUN levels are usually due to feeding carbohydrates that ____?
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…do not digest readily enough to match protein source –too much protein or not enough rumen-avail nrg in ration
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Low MUN levels are usually a result of ____?
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insufficient DIP, UIP, and/or nrg levels
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Why are symptoms of grass tetany and milk fever somewhat similar?
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Milk Fever and Grass Tetany both present the same symptoms, because both calcium and a magnesium deficiency will affect muscle function. Magnesium relaxes nerve function and works antagonistically to Calcium, which is stimulatory.
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What are the 3 electrolytes?
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Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K).
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Deficiency of Zn in swine causes what disorder?
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Parakeratosis, characterized by thickening of skin, slowed growth.
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Deficiency of Se causes ___. Excess of SE causes ___or ___.
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Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy (NMD), Stiff Lamb Disease, White Muscle Disease. Excess of Se (toxicity) causes Blind Staggers and Alkali Disease.
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Why does feeding sweetclover hay to cattle sometimes increase the vitamin K req’s?
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sweetclover hay contains natural anticoagulants. Vitamin K is important in the production of clotting factor.
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What precautions must be taken in feeding raw egg whts to simple stomached anims?
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Egg whites must be cooked when feeding to simple stomached animals. These contain enzyme Avidin which will bind to Biotin, causing a Biotin deficiency. Cooking denatures the enzyme
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The 10 essential amino acids
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Phenylalanine Valine Threonine (PVT), Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine (TIM), Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine (HALL)
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What additional aa is req’d for cats?
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Taurine (and for all other true carnivores)
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What do the the abbreviations TDN, DE, NFE, NE, HI, FE, GE, ME stand for? How are they related?
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TDN=Total Digestible Nutrient= digestible crude protein + digestible crude fiber + digestible NFE + 2.25 (digestible fat/ether extract), GE=Gross Energy=the total combustible energy in a feedstuff, DE=Digestible Energy= GE–FE, NE=Net Energy= GE–(FE+GasE+UE+heat increment), ME=Metabolizable Energy= GE– (FE+UE+GasE), FE=Fecal Energy, NFE=Nitrogen Free Extract=Readily available carbohydrates in feed, HI=Hemagglutination Inhibition
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What is BV%? What common food/feed has the highest BV%?
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Biological Value, egg whites
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Cheapest, most abundant nutrient to animals
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H2O
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A____is any feed constituent, or group of feed constituent, or group of feed constituent that aids in the support animal life
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Nutrient
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An average horse will consume ______gallons of water/day. What about a dairy cow? Poultry?
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10-14 gal/day. dairy cow 30-80 /day. Poultry 2:1 water:feed ratio
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Define photosynthesis and outline (briefly) its formula
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Photosynthesis is the production of sugars by plants using energy from the sun. CO2 + H2O + Solar Energy C6H12O6 + O2
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Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide and give 2-3 examples of each
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Monosaccharide=one sugar, a single saccharide subunit. (ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Aribinose, Xylose, Ribose), Disaccharide=Two saccharide units covalently bonded together. (ex: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Cellobiose), Polysaccharide=Chains of saccharide subunits. Energy Storage (Starch) or structural (Cellulose). (ex: Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen)
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Plant starch
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Amylose
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Animal starch
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Glycogen
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Polysaccharide not considered a true CHO and indigestible by all animals
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Lignin
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Polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules (beta linkage) indigestible by all simple stomached animals
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Cellulose
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Briefly describe Ketosis (cause, symptoms, prevention, treatment)
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Ketosis is the presence of Ketone bodies in blood. Urine, milk, breath smells like acetone. AKA: Pregnancy/Twin Lamb Disease, Acetonemia, Hypoglycemia. Caused when the animal does not have enough glucose in its system to support its sudden needs for it, and breaks down additional proteins. Symptoms are weight loss, increased water consumption, decreased milk production, and abortion. Treatment is injection with dextrose/glucose soln/propylene glycol. Prevention by challenge feeding
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Production of glucose from sources other than CHO
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Gluconeogenesis
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Produce 2.25x as much energy as CHO
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Lipids
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____ x 6.25 = the %CP (Crude Protein) in a feed
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%N
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Consumption of diets high in ______ fats will produce soft pork
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unsaturated
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____ fatty acids have double bonds
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Unsaturated
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____fatty acids are more likely to become rancid
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Unsaturated
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____ number denotes the degree of unsaturation of fat
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Iodine
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Compounds which are not true proteins but contain N and can be converted to protein by bacterial action
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Non-Protein Nitrogens (eg: Urea, Biuret, ammonia)
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What are some of the common methods of protecting high quality feedstuff protein from excessive ruminal degradation?
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Heat Treatment, Treatment with Formaldehyde or tannins, Encapsulation of amino acids, Use of Amino Acid analogs, Control of Microbial metabolism in rumen.
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Define deamination, hydrolysis
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Deamination- removal of a amine group from a molecule. The amine group is converted to ammonia then to urea in the liver
Hydrolysis- The removal of a single unit from a chain using water. Used in saccharides and aa’s |
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Most commonly fed NPN to beef cattle: ____. List 2 more commonly fed NPN additives:___&___
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Urea, Biuret and ammonia.
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protein lipid complexes
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Lipoproteins, Examples: VLDL, LDL, HDL
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protein CHO complexes existing in biological systems
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Glycoproteins, Important in leukocyte recognition in animals.
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Blueprint of protein synthesis
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RNA
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Half of the mineral content of the body
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Calcium
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One quarter of the mineral content of the body
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Phosphorus
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Define the following: IP, DIP, UIP, UIPIP, AP, BCP
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IP=Intake protein, DIP=Degraded intake protein, UIP=Undegraded intake protein, UIPIP=Undegraded intake protein/intake protein, AP=Absorbed Protein, BCP=Bacterial Crude Protein
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What are the 7 macro minerals and their symbols?
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Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K)
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What are the 11 trace minerals and their symbols
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Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn), Fluorine (F), Iodine (I), Manganese (Mn), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Silicon (Si)
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Which minerals are need for O2 transport?
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Fe, Cu
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Which minerals are needed for maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
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Cl, K, Na (the 3 electrolytes)
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Which minerals function in protein synthesis?
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P, S, Zn
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What are 3 common binding or chelating components of minerals?
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fats, oxalates, phytates
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____mineral is a component of insulin, and deficiency causes a hyperkeratinization of epithelial cells
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Zn
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____deficiency causes wasting disease
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Cobalt (Vit B12)
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____deficiency causes goiter
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Iodine
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____is a component of Vit B12
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Co
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(mineral) present in the hormone thyroxin
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I
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(mineral) deficiency causes microlytic, hypochromic anemia
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Fe
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pigs are born deficient of this mineral and IM injections at 2-3 days of age
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Fe
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Besides Fe, this mineral is needed for normal hematopoiesis
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Cu
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____mineral deficiency causes slipped tendon (perosis) in poultry
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Mn
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lack of normal coordination of body parts
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Ataxia
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loss of hair
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Alopecia
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loss of hair pigmentation
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achromotrichia
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Lupins produce toxic alkaloids that impair hepatic capacity to metabolize ingested____, producing toxic symptoms of that mineral
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Cu
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What is the difference between hunger and appetite?
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Hunger= physiological need for food following period of fasting, Appetite= learned/habitual response to absence of food
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Define terms: carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, prehension, mastication, regurgitation, peristalsis, bloat
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carnivore=flesh eater only (cats), herbivore=plant eater only (horse, giraffe, ruminants), omnivore=eater of both flesh and veggies (dog, pigs, humans), prehension=bringing food to mouth, mastication=chewing food to make it digestible, regurgitation=bringing stomach contents to mouth, peristalsis=automatic and rhythmic movement of smooth muscle located in visceral cavity to aid in the movement of digestible material from mouth to anus, bloat=serious acute ailment found primarily in cattle. When CO2 and CH4 gas produced by microflora in rumen cannot escape faster than the cow can belch out
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What is the function of rumination?
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food is physically refined to expose more surface area for bacteria working in the reticulorumen, as well as stimulation of saliva secretion to buffer the rumen pH.
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Where is rennin produced and what does it do?
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abomasum of young ruminants, curdles protein in milk
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Why is the esophageal groove important in young animals?
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Groove helps young ruminants bypass first 2 compartments in order for young to digest milk without it spoiling and causing scours (no microflora for ferment fiber yet)
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What are the 2 main gasses prod in the rumen?
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CO2, CH4
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Of what benefit is the practice of coprophagy in rabbits?
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as hindgut fermenters rabbits cannot absorb Vit 12 prod in cecum, so it must eat “cecotropes”. rabbits cannot metabolically prod their own Vit B12, by giving second pass enables body to acquire enough B12.
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Fat splitting enzyme
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lipase
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Enzyme which breaks down starches into maltose
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amylase
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Enzyme which breaks down milk sugar
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lactase
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Enzyme which breaks down table sugar
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sucrase
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Belching
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eructation
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Manypiles
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omasum
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Paunch
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rumen
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True stomach
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abomasum
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Honeycomb
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reticulum
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List 3 VFA’s
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acetic, butyric, propionic
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Glandular stomach of bird
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proventriculus
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Normally contains stones or grit to crush up feed in the digestive system of bird
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gizzard
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Animal w/ no gallbladder
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horse/rabbit
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Trace (in order) a bolus of feed from where it enters the body (mouth) to where it exits (anus), listing all the anatomical parts in between. You should be able to do this for all 4 digestive systems
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im on it!
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Normal pH of the stomach in people
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2.0
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Normal pH of the small intestines in people
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6.8
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Gland that controls the appetite of an individual
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hypothalamus
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Middle section of small intestines
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jejunum
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Trocar is used to alleviate?
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bloat
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An emulsifier
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bile
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Gastric enzyme which breaks down proteins
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pepsin
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Discuss role of intrinsic factor
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glycoprotein produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12
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Define anabolism, catabolism, metabolism
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anabolism=growth or building process, catabolism=destruction process of body, metabolism=combo of anabolic and catabolic systems to get and use energy
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A laying hen takes ___ hrs to digest while it takes a non-laying hen ___hrs to digest
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2.5, 8-12
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What is the function of the crop in birds?
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stores and soaks feed before digestion
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