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143 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is chondroitin sulfate?
mucopolysaccharide (or glycosaminoglycan), mjr constituent in various connective tissues, especially in the ground substance of blood vessels, bone, and cartilage
What relationship does arsenic have with selenium?
As protects against Se toxicity. Both stimulate the excretion of each other-mechanism unkwn
Most abundant element in the earth’s crust next to O2
Silicone (Si)
Mineral that prevents tooth decay
Fluorine (Fl)
Deficiency that causes NMD
Se or Vit E
cal
(calorie) amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1°C at a specified temperature. 4.184 joules
kcal
(kilocalorie) 1,000 calories. 4184 joules
Mcal
(megacalorie) 1,000 kcal, 4,184,000 joules
Btu
(British thermal unit) amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1lb of liquid H2O by 1°F at a constant pressure of one atmosphere
Joule
SI unit of energy defined as amount of work done by a force of 1 newton moving an object through a distance of 1 meter. 4.184 joules = 1 cal
Bomb calorimeter
measure heat of combustion of a particular rxn, calculates calorie content of biological fuel tested. Yields values for digestible DE, metabolizable ME, and net energy NE of feed
Exudative diathesis
a disease of young pigs and chickens caused by a nutritional mineral deficiency of vitamin E or Se. Characterized by severe edema of the subcutaneous tissues.
Mineral component of xanthine oxidase
Uric Acid. XO is a precursor to UA
Describe body’s means of being able to maintain constant Ca levels in blood plasma
(1) parathyroid gland releases PTH when low Ca blood conc, creating demand for Vit D3 (2) kidneys release Vit D3 as result of PTH (3) Vit D3 causes more Ca to be absorbed thru intestinal wall – Ca from bones to blood (4) Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption of Ca by cutting Ca absorp across intestinal walls as it facilitates Ca from blood to bones
Excess of what mineral causes “big head” disease?
Phosphorus, (Iodine)
Parturient Paresis: other names, causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment
(milk fever/hypocalcemia) causes: low blood conc of Ca brought on by rapid demands for milk prod, body will grab Ca from next aval src aka muscles, occurs w/in 72hrs of birth. symptoms: mild ataxia and muscle tremors to severe complete paralysis, coma and death. Treatment: Ca gluconate. Prevention: (w/in~1wk b4 birth) DCADs, PTH, Vit D
Hypomagnesmeia
low level of Mg in body. Causes: tetany, anorexia, reduced wt, low liver enzymes, hypercalcemia, “PMS” pigs, atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
hardening of heart valves. possible cause=Mg def
Arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries. possible cause=Mg def
Pica is associated with deficiency of this electrolyte
K
Deficiency symptoms include drinking of urine
Na
Sulfur (S) containing aa’s
cystine, cysteine, methionine, taurine
Deficiency causes night blindness
Vit A
Also called Vit B6
pyridoxine, found in legumes, seeds
Also called ascorbic acid
Vit C
Recognize symptoms of hypervitaminosis A (Vit A toxicity)
anorexia, wt loss, skin thickening and flaking, eyelid swelling/crusting, alopecia, hemorrhaging, low bone density/hi fracture rate/thinning bone cortex, embryonic malformations/death, death
Plant Vit D
D2
Animal Vit D
D3
Alpha tocopherol
most active biological antioxidant of Vit E that is absorbed
Deficiency of Vit __ causes rickets in ____ animals and ______ in older animals
D, young, osteomalacia
Mulberry heart disease caused by a deficiency of
Vit E
What is the difference b/t warfarin and dicoumarol? What are they? Where are they found?
both are anticoagulants. dicoumarol is found naturally in many plants (eg: sweet clover, hay, pasture, silage) and warfarin is the synthetic Rx derivative of this. Both known as Vit K antagonists b/c they inhibit a crucial Vit K enzyme that allows blood coagulation proteins to work properly
What is prothrombin?
crucial blood coagulation protein, has many effects in the coagulation cascade and related rxns, synthesized in liver
Beriberi
def of Vit B1 in humans (thiamin)
Pellagra
def of Vit B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid), bright red tongue
Consumption of bracken fern causes ____ in horses
def of Vit B1 (thiamin), is antagonistic to utility of Vit B1
Polyneuritis is caused by a def of ____.
Vit B1 in poultry
Curled-toe paralysis is caused by a deficiency of ___.
Vit B2, a breakdown of myelin sheath of nerve fibers
Used to treat hypercholesterolemia
Vit B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid), promotes more efficient liver = utilized more efficiently by cells to burn cholesterol, can damage liver in lrg doses over time.
Sometimes given to high-producing dairy cows to increase milk production
Vit b3 (niacin)
Plants cannot produce this B-complex vit
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Deficiency of this vitamin ____ causes leukopenia
folacin (folic acid)
____ is the only vitamin requiring a specific GI tract secretion for its absorption. This secretion is called _____.
B12 (cyanocobalamin), intrinsic factor
coprophagy
ingestion of dung or feces, a vice in dogs, normal in rabbits
Is inositol a true vitamin? Why, why not?
No, there’s no evidence that suggests animals can’t produce the amount they need on their own.
___ & ___ are 2 anioxidants
Vit C, Vit E
deficiency of ___ causes scurvy
Vit C
Besides people, what other animals require dietary Vit C?
other primates, guinea pigs
Xerophthalmia
Extreme dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva, often resulting from a deficiency of vitamin A, usually seen late winter
Conjunctivitis
(Pinkeye) Inflammation of the conjunctiva, characterized by redness and often accompanied by a discharge.
Precursor
A biochemical substance, such as an intermediate compound in a chain of enzymatic reactions, from which a more stable or definitive product is formed (eg: a precursor of insulin)
What is MGA? What are its advantages?
(Melengestrol Acetate) synthetic progesterone, common feed additive for feedlot heifers diets to suppress estrus and improve feed efficiency and growth rate. (eg’s: compudose, ralgro, synovex)
Define MUN
(Milk Urea Nitrogen) used to monitor protein nutritional status of dairy cows. MUN reflects amount of urea found in milk, these values closely correlated with concentration of urea found in blood
High MUN levels are usually due to feeding carbohydrates that ____?
…do not digest readily enough to match protein source –too much protein or not enough rumen-avail nrg in ration
Low MUN levels are usually a result of ____?
insufficient DIP, UIP, and/or nrg levels
Why are symptoms of grass tetany and milk fever somewhat similar?
Milk Fever and Grass Tetany both present the same symptoms, because both calcium and a magnesium deficiency will affect muscle function. Magnesium relaxes nerve function and works antagonistically to Calcium, which is stimulatory.
What are the 3 electrolytes?
Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K).
Deficiency of Zn in swine causes what disorder?
Parakeratosis, characterized by thickening of skin, slowed growth.
Deficiency of Se causes ___. Excess of SE causes ___or ___.
Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy (NMD), Stiff Lamb Disease, White Muscle Disease. Excess of Se (toxicity) causes Blind Staggers and Alkali Disease.
Why does feeding sweetclover hay to cattle sometimes increase the vitamin K req’s?
sweetclover hay contains natural anticoagulants. Vitamin K is important in the production of clotting factor.
What precautions must be taken in feeding raw egg whts to simple stomached anims?
Egg whites must be cooked when feeding to simple stomached animals. These contain enzyme Avidin which will bind to Biotin, causing a Biotin deficiency. Cooking denatures the enzyme
The 10 essential amino acids
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine (PVT), Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine (TIM), Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine (HALL)
What additional aa is req’d for cats?
Taurine (and for all other true carnivores)
What do the the abbreviations TDN, DE, NFE, NE, HI, FE, GE, ME stand for? How are they related?
TDN=Total Digestible Nutrient= digestible crude protein + digestible crude fiber + digestible NFE + 2.25 (digestible fat/ether extract), GE=Gross Energy=the total combustible energy in a feedstuff, DE=Digestible Energy= GE–FE, NE=Net Energy= GE–(FE+GasE+UE+heat increment), ME=Metabolizable Energy= GE– (FE+UE+GasE), FE=Fecal Energy, NFE=Nitrogen Free Extract=Readily available carbohydrates in feed, HI=Hemagglutination Inhibition
What is BV%? What common food/feed has the highest BV%?
Biological Value, egg whites
Cheapest, most abundant nutrient to animals
H2O
A____is any feed constituent, or group of feed constituent, or group of feed constituent that aids in the support animal life
Nutrient
An average horse will consume ______gallons of water/day. What about a dairy cow? Poultry?
10-14 gal/day. dairy cow 30-80 /day. Poultry 2:1 water:feed ratio
Define photosynthesis and outline (briefly) its formula
Photosynthesis is the production of sugars by plants using energy from the sun. CO2 + H2O + Solar Energy  C6H12O6 + O2
Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide and give 2-3 examples of each
Monosaccharide=one sugar, a single saccharide subunit. (ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Aribinose, Xylose, Ribose), Disaccharide=Two saccharide units covalently bonded together. (ex: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Cellobiose), Polysaccharide=Chains of saccharide subunits. Energy Storage (Starch) or structural (Cellulose). (ex: Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen)
Plant starch
Amylose
Animal starch
Glycogen
Polysaccharide not considered a true CHO and indigestible by all animals
Lignin
Polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules (beta linkage) indigestible by all simple stomached animals
Cellulose
Briefly describe Ketosis (cause, symptoms, prevention, treatment)
Ketosis is the presence of Ketone bodies in blood. Urine, milk, breath smells like acetone. AKA: Pregnancy/Twin Lamb Disease, Acetonemia, Hypoglycemia. Caused when the animal does not have enough glucose in its system to support its sudden needs for it, and breaks down additional proteins. Symptoms are weight loss, increased water consumption, decreased milk production, and abortion. Treatment is injection with dextrose/glucose soln/propylene glycol. Prevention by challenge feeding
Production of glucose from sources other than CHO
Gluconeogenesis
Produce 2.25x as much energy as CHO
Lipids
____ x 6.25 = the %CP (Crude Protein) in a feed
%N
Consumption of diets high in ______ fats will produce soft pork
unsaturated
____ fatty acids have double bonds
Unsaturated
____fatty acids are more likely to become rancid
Unsaturated
____ number denotes the degree of unsaturation of fat
Iodine
Compounds which are not true proteins but contain N and can be converted to protein by bacterial action
Non-Protein Nitrogens (eg: Urea, Biuret, ammonia)
What are some of the common methods of protecting high quality feedstuff protein from excessive ruminal degradation?
Heat Treatment, Treatment with Formaldehyde or tannins, Encapsulation of amino acids, Use of Amino Acid analogs, Control of Microbial metabolism in rumen.
Define deamination, hydrolysis
Deamination- removal of a amine group from a molecule. The amine group is converted to ammonia then to urea in the liver
Hydrolysis- The removal of a single unit from a chain using water. Used in saccharides and aa’s
Most commonly fed NPN to beef cattle: ____. List 2 more commonly fed NPN additives:___&___
Urea, Biuret and ammonia.
protein lipid complexes
Lipoproteins, Examples: VLDL, LDL, HDL
protein CHO complexes existing in biological systems
Glycoproteins, Important in leukocyte recognition in animals.
Blueprint of protein synthesis
RNA
Half of the mineral content of the body
Calcium
One quarter of the mineral content of the body
Phosphorus
Define the following: IP, DIP, UIP, UIPIP, AP, BCP
IP=Intake protein, DIP=Degraded intake protein, UIP=Undegraded intake protein, UIPIP=Undegraded intake protein/intake protein, AP=Absorbed Protein, BCP=Bacterial Crude Protein
What are the 7 macro minerals and their symbols?
Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K)
What are the 11 trace minerals and their symbols
Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn), Fluorine (F), Iodine (I), Manganese (Mn), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Silicon (Si)
Which minerals are need for O2 transport?
Fe, Cu
Which minerals are needed for maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
Cl, K, Na (the 3 electrolytes)
Which minerals function in protein synthesis?
P, S, Zn
What are 3 common binding or chelating components of minerals?
fats, oxalates, phytates
____mineral is a component of insulin, and deficiency causes a hyperkeratinization of epithelial cells
Zn
____deficiency causes wasting disease
Cobalt (Vit B12)
____deficiency causes goiter
Iodine
____is a component of Vit B12
Co
(mineral) present in the hormone thyroxin
I
(mineral) deficiency causes microlytic, hypochromic anemia
Fe
pigs are born deficient of this mineral and IM injections at 2-3 days of age
Fe
Besides Fe, this mineral is needed for normal hematopoiesis
Cu
____mineral deficiency causes slipped tendon (perosis) in poultry
Mn
lack of normal coordination of body parts
Ataxia
loss of hair
Alopecia
loss of hair pigmentation
achromotrichia
Lupins produce toxic alkaloids that impair hepatic capacity to metabolize ingested____, producing toxic symptoms of that mineral
Cu
What is the difference between hunger and appetite?
Hunger= physiological need for food following period of fasting, Appetite= learned/habitual response to absence of food
Define terms: carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, prehension, mastication, regurgitation, peristalsis, bloat
carnivore=flesh eater only (cats), herbivore=plant eater only (horse, giraffe, ruminants), omnivore=eater of both flesh and veggies (dog, pigs, humans), prehension=bringing food to mouth, mastication=chewing food to make it digestible, regurgitation=bringing stomach contents to mouth, peristalsis=automatic and rhythmic movement of smooth muscle located in visceral cavity to aid in the movement of digestible material from mouth to anus, bloat=serious acute ailment found primarily in cattle. When CO2 and CH4 gas produced by microflora in rumen cannot escape faster than the cow can belch out
What is the function of rumination?
food is physically refined to expose more surface area for bacteria working in the reticulorumen, as well as stimulation of saliva secretion to buffer the rumen pH.
Where is rennin produced and what does it do?
abomasum of young ruminants, curdles protein in milk
Why is the esophageal groove important in young animals?
Groove helps young ruminants bypass first 2 compartments in order for young to digest milk without it spoiling and causing scours (no microflora for ferment fiber yet)
What are the 2 main gasses prod in the rumen?
CO2, CH4
Of what benefit is the practice of coprophagy in rabbits?
as hindgut fermenters rabbits cannot absorb Vit 12 prod in cecum, so it must eat “cecotropes”. rabbits cannot metabolically prod their own Vit B12, by giving second pass enables body to acquire enough B12.
Fat splitting enzyme
lipase
Enzyme which breaks down starches into maltose
amylase
Enzyme which breaks down milk sugar
lactase
Enzyme which breaks down table sugar
sucrase
Belching
eructation
Manypiles
omasum
Paunch
rumen
True stomach
abomasum
Honeycomb
reticulum
List 3 VFA’s
acetic, butyric, propionic
Glandular stomach of bird
proventriculus
Normally contains stones or grit to crush up feed in the digestive system of bird
gizzard
Animal w/ no gallbladder
horse/rabbit
Trace (in order) a bolus of feed from where it enters the body (mouth) to where it exits (anus), listing all the anatomical parts in between. You should be able to do this for all 4 digestive systems
im on it!
Normal pH of the stomach in people
2.0
Normal pH of the small intestines in people
6.8
Gland that controls the appetite of an individual
hypothalamus
Middle section of small intestines
jejunum
Trocar is used to alleviate?
bloat
An emulsifier
bile
Gastric enzyme which breaks down proteins
pepsin
Discuss role of intrinsic factor
glycoprotein produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12
Define anabolism, catabolism, metabolism
anabolism=growth or building process, catabolism=destruction process of body, metabolism=combo of anabolic and catabolic systems to get and use energy
A laying hen takes ___ hrs to digest while it takes a non-laying hen ___hrs to digest
2.5, 8-12
What is the function of the crop in birds?
stores and soaks feed before digestion