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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where do you give a horse an IV injection?
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In the right jugular vein (side opposite to esophagus) in case of tissue reaction.
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When giving a horse an IV injection into the jugular what could signify that you're in the carotid instead?
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The blood keeps on flowing from the hub. It stops when you're in the jugular.
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What drugs are used in horses for sedation & standing chemical restraint?
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Acepromazine, alpha2 agonist - either alone or in combination.
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Characteristics of using acepromazine in horses.
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Onset is 15-20 mns, duration ~90 mns. May result in the horses inability to retract penis, leading to paraphimosis.
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What are 2 alpha2 agonists used in horses?
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Xylazine, detomidine (dormosedan).
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What are the effects of ace & alpha2 agonists on the horse?
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Sedation, analgesia, skelatal muscle relaxation - head hangs down, lips & eyelids droop.
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What do you use sedation & standing chemical restraint in horses for?
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Minor surgery.
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What is field anesthesia?
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Using injectables to achieve light general anesthesia with recumbency.
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What drugs do you use for field anesthesia in horses?
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Xylazine followed by ketamine. You may also administer Guaifenesin, diazepam & butorphanol - but give after xylazine & before ketamine.
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Where would you place a horse when using field anesthesia?
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A flat surface, with good footing, clean, free from hazards, noise & traffic.
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What are guaifenesin's properties?**
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Muscle relaxant; smooths induction & recovery; given by IV infusion; reconstituted as 5% or 10% concentration in 5% dextrose.
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What precautions should you take when anesthetizing a horse?
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Use soft lead rope; hold horse's head up to avoid hitting ground; place towel under head & over eyes; knell on horses neck behind to head to prevent sudden lifting; stay of opposite side of legs; up leg caudal, down leg cranial.
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How do you monitor a horses anesthetic depth?
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**Strong palpebral & corneal reflexes will be present; monitor pulse, resp, muscle tension, alert vet to increases; spontneous eyelid movement & nystagmus often present.
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What should you do for the horse during recovery?
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Provide plenty of time in sternal position; do not stimulate; support head w/ halter & rope; don't stand in front of horse; don't try to support horse's body from side.
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When would you use inhalant anesthesia for a horse?
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For a procedure that lasts longer than 30 mns or requiring dorsal recumbency.
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What do you need to do to a horse before inhalantion induction?
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Rinse the oral cavity to remove food particles.
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What inhalant equipment is needed for a horse? Size bags
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Mechanical ventilator; <300lbs needs 5L bag; >300lbs needs 15-30L bag;
24-30mm trach tubes |
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Do you use a laryngoscope to tube a horse?
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No, it's blind.
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What can you do to prevent post-procedural myopathy?
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Use 6+ inches of padding under dorsal surface; prevent extreme abduction (lat movement) of legs; in lateral recum use padding to keep 'up' legs parallel to floor.
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What type of monitoring do you use for horses in anesthesia?
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Blood pressure (catheter in metatarsal, facial or auricular artery); capnography (measures CO2, from gas in trach tube)
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What position is most cattle surgery done in?
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Standing, using sedation, local analgesia and physical restraint.
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What are 3 concerns with cows during anesthesia?
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Bloat, reguritation & aspiration (they have excessive salivation).
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What can you do to decrease regurgitation in cows?
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Need a cuffed endotrach tube & keep head & mouth lower than neck in lateral recumbency.
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What can you do to decrease bloat in cows?
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Fast for 48 hours before. If it occurs, place in sternal recumbency and trocarization may be necessary.
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What can be done to decrease the amount of salivation in cows?
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Atropine in contraindicated - it thickens secretion but doesn't significantly decrease the amount.
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What is used for sedating cows?
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Xylazine & acepromazine.
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Do you use more or less xylazine in cows than in horses?
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Much less - it's 1/10. Cattle are very sensitive.
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What induction agents do you use in cows?
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Ketamine, telazol & thiopental.
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Do you usually need to use a sedative with cows?
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No, recoveries are not rough.
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What maintenance agents do you use with cows?
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Triple drip of guaifenesin/ketamine/xylazine mixture. Inhalants.
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When do you extubate a cow?
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When swallowing reflex returns.
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What large animal is sensitive to Alpha-2 agonists?
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Small ruminants - us xylazine.
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What are some challenges with swine for anesthesia?
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They have few accessible veins; thick body fat - need 1.5" needle for IM injection; difficult to restrain.
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Where do you give swine an IM injection?
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Caudal to ear, 2" off midline.
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What anesthestic drugs do you use in swine?
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Acepromazine/morphine; medetomidine/butorphanol; TKX.
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Is intubation easy or difficult in swine?
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Difficult, because of the anatomy of the larynx and the inability to visualize.
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What can inhalant anesthetics cause in swine?
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Porcine stress syndrome/malignant hyperthermia.
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What's the most commonly used local anesthetic used in large animals?
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Lidocaine
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What are some toxic reactions in large animals when using lidocaine?
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CNS effects (restlessness, twitching, seizures, unconsciousness); circulatory effects (bradycardia, hypotension).
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What can you do to reduce lidocaine toxicity?
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Limit the total dose & add vasoconstrictors (epinephrine, phenylephrine) to delay absorption.
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How is lidocaine administered to large animals?
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Topical, Inverted L infiltration, Nerve blocks, Regional nerve blocks, IV regional anesthesia, caudal epidural.
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