Artic Unit 2 - Sound Classification

Front 1

The 4 models of Sound Classification are: ____________, ________ _________, ___________ ________, & __-________.

Back 1

Traditional

Distinctive Feature

Generative Phonology

Co-articulation

Front 2

The traditional method, by ____ _______, involves __________ and ________ of articulation, and also ________.

Back 2

Van Riper

place and manner, voicing

Front 3

An example of manner of articulation is:

Back 3

stop, fricative, affricate...

Front 4

__ stops

__ fricatives

__ glides

__ liquids

__ affricates

__ nasals

Back 4

6 stops /p, b, t, d, k, g/

9 fricatives /th, th, s, z, sh, szj, f, v, h/

2 glides /w, y/

2 liquids /r, l/

2 affricates /ch, dj/

3 nasals /m, n, nj/

Front 5

Traditional methods use ________ tests such as ________ _________ and the _________.

Back 5

articulation

Fisher-Logemann Test of Artic

Arizona Artic Proficiency scale - 3

Front 6

For ________ _________, Chomsky & Halle and Singh & Polen had theories.

Back 6

Distinctive Features

Front 7

Chomsky & Halle focused on __ binary features of phonemens, while Singh & Polen focused on __ binary features of CONSONANTS.

Back 7

13, 7

Front 8

7 Binary Features of Consonants (DISTINCTIVE FEATURES)

1. _______/________

2. _______/________

3. _________/_________

4. _________/_________

5. _______/__________

6. _________/_________

7. _________/_________

Back 8

1. Front/back

2. Labial/nonlabial

3. Sonorant/nonsonorant

4. Nasal/nonnasal

5. Stop/continuant

6. Sibilant/nonsibilant

7. Voiced/voiceless

Front 9

___________ are consonants that are produced on or in front of the alveolar ridge. _________ consonants are produced posterior to the ridge.

Back 9

front

p, b, t, d, f, v, th, s, z, l, m, n

back

the rest are back

Front 10

________ consonants are produced with the lips as the main place of articulation. _______ are articulated without the lips.

Back 10

Labials

p, b, m, f, v, w, hw

Nonlabials

the rest are nonlabials

Front 11

_________ consonants are produced with an unrestricted airflow.

Back 11

Sonorant (vowels, liquids, nasals, glides)

l, r, j, w, m, n, nj

Front 12

________ consonants are produced with nasal resonance.

Back 12

Nasal

m, n, nj

Front 13

______ consonants are produced with an abrupt termination of airflow while _________'s airflow is sustained.

Back 13

Stop, continuants:

f, v, th, s, z, h, j, r, l, m, n, nj, sh, zhj

Front 14

_______ sounds are those whose airflow creates high-frequency turbulence.

Back 14

Sibilant

sh, z, s, zhj, ch, dj

Front 15

The Generative Phonology: Processes (Patterns) Approach focuses on the rules for ________ _________ and _________ _________ to create words.

Back 15

sound production and sound combinations

Front 16

Definition of phonology:

________ __ ________ in a language.

________ ___ ________ to form words.

_______ __ ________ by which sounds are added, deleted, or changed.

Back 16

Set of sounds in a language

ordering of sounds to form words

rules or processes by which sounds are added, deleted, or changed.

Front 17

A formal expression of _________ in an individuals' _______ system is the definition of __________ rules.

Back 17

regularity, sound, phonological rules.

Front 18

An example of phonological rules would be a substitution of a ______ for a ________ such as toes for toad.

Back 18

stop for a fricative

Front 19

The study of phonological patterns came _____ the _______ _______ approach to deal with _________/________ speech.

Back 19

after, distinctive features approach, unintelligible/disordered.

Front 20

The _______ features approach is more detailed in terms of the _________ of ________ ________ than the __________ approach but was not sufficient enough to handle _________, ________ speech sounds.

Back 20

distinctive features, description of speech sounds, traditional, unintelligible, phonemic

Front 21

In Generative Phonology: __________ Phonology, some sounds are considered natural.

Back 21

Natural

Front 22

Sounds that are considered "natural" are those that were

1) _________ __________

2) _________ _______ ________ ______ _______ _______

Back 22

acquired earlier

occur more frequently in different languages

Front 23

__________ and __________ are naturally occurring processes that are considered _______ sounds.

Back 23

Assimilation and nonassimilation

unmarked

Front 24

_________ is nasalization where the vowel between 2 nasal sounds is nasalized.

Back 24

Assimilation

Front 25

3 examples of Nonassimilation

Back 25

deletion

metathesis

breaking

Front 26

Deletions are _____ __ ______.

Back 26

Omissions of segments

Front 27

Metathesis is when ________ of _______ is ______.

Back 27

Order of segments is reversed.

Front 28

Breaking occurs when ________ ______ become _______.

Back 28

Long vowels become diphthongs

Front 29

In ________ Theory, the focus is on hierarchical nature of the relationships between _________ _______ rather than just a _______ __ _______. Consists of __ tiers.

Back 29

Nonlinear Theory, phonological units, line of phonemes.

2 tiers

Front 30

_________ Theory consists of the ________ tier and the ________ tier.

Back 30

Nonlinear

Prosodic Tier

Segmental Tier

Front 31

In the ______ tier, words and structure of words are segmented into deeper levels.

Back 31

Prosodic

Front 32

In the _________ tier, speech sounds are broken down into their features (nodes)

Back 32

Segmental

Front 33

In the _________ Theory, there are __ major types of constraints.

Back 33

Optimality theory

2

Front 34

One constraint of the _______ Theory is _______: Limitations on what can be produced due to perceptial and physical limitations.

Back 34

Optimality

markedness

Front 35

_______ sounds are difficult to ______ or _______.

Back 35

Marked

pronounce or perceive

Front 36

Another constraint of the ______ Theory is _______. It prohibits addition and deletion that violate the ambient language.

Back 36

Optimality

Faithfulness

Front 37

5 Stages of Faithfulness in Optimality Theory & Ages

Back 37

Stage 1 (age 1-2) Children are faithful to stressed syllable and whole word.

Stage 2 (2-3) faithfulness to the number of syllables in a word.

Stage 3 (4-6) faithfulness to all the phonemes in a word

Stage 4 (7-10) faithfulness to word rhythm

Stage 5 (11 & up) adultlike production of polysyllabic words

Front 38

The ___________ of any one sound is influenced by a _______ or _______ sound.

Back 38

articulation

preceding

following

Front 39

When sounds are _________, it is impossible to ______ the speech stream into neat _______ that correspond to _________. Sounds _______. _______ is presumed.

Back 39

coarticulated, divide, segments, phonemes, overlap, nonsegmentation

Front 40

Articulation is both _________ and _______.

Back 40

Phonemic and phonetic

Front 41

When articulation is ________, it changes the meaning of a word. A _______ unit.

Back 41

Phonemic, linguistic

Front 42

When articulation is _______, physiological and mechanical constraints don't affect meaning. Such as _______ changes.

Back 42

Phonetic, allophonic

Front 43

Basic unit of speech may not be the ______ or ______ but a simple __ ________.

Back 43

Phonemic or phonetic, but a simple CV syllable.

Front 44

Sounds are _______ ________ in certain _________. /s/ is easier in ________ position than in _______ position of words.

Back 44

produced easier in certain contexts.

final, initial