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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 Main Characteristics of ALL Arthropoda
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1.) Cuticle Forms Hard Exoskeleton
2.) Cuticle must eventually be shed, ecdysis 3.) Segmented body, and fusion of tagmata 4.) Specialized jointed appendages 5.) Complex and specialized muscular system 6.) Open Circulatory system 7.) Complex behavior in some |
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Benefits of the exoskeleton
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Protection from predators, and drying out
Solid site for muscle attachment Strong, rigid, jointed appendages |
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Costs of the exoskeleton
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Heavy
Limited range of motion Uses lots of energy Must be shed Limits respiration options |
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What are the 5 Subphylum of Arthropoda?
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1.) Trilobita
2.) Chelicerata 3.) Myriapoda 4.) Crustacea 5.) Hexapoda |
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Subphylum Chelicerata - Main Characteristics
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2 Tagmata (prosoma and Opisthosoma)
6 Pairs of ventral appendages 1st pair - Chelicerae - used for feedings 2nd pair - Pedipalps - handling food Last 4 - for No Antennae |
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Class Pycnogonida
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Sea spiders - Subphylum Chelicerta
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Class Merostomata .. what are they, and their characteristics?
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Horseshoe crab
Respiration by book gills Simple and compound eyes External fertilization "statis" Subphylum Chelicerta |
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Arachnida
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Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks
Both predators or parasites Open circulatory system Respiration - book lungs or trachea Dioecious Excretion via Malphighian tubules (like kidneys) Subphylum Chelicerta |
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Subphylum Myriapoda Body plan
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2 Tagmata - head and trunk
Head has one pair of antenna, mandibles and maxillae Trunk has many identical segments Excretion by Malphighin tubules Dioecious |
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Class Chilopoda
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Part of the subphylum Myriapoda
Centipedes Dorso-ventally flattened body 1 pair of legs per segment 1st pair are the venom claws Predators |
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Class Diplopoda
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Part of the subphylum Myriapoda
3 pairs of legs per segment Herbivorous Exoskeleton reinforced with calcium carbonate Secrets noxious substances |
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Subphylum Crustacea
Body plan Respiration Development |
2 pairs of antennae
3 tagmata - head, thorax, abdomen Diramous appendages - branch into 2 Respiration by gills Can have either direct or indirect development - most indirect |
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Class Branchiopoda
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Part of subphylum Crustacea
They are like shripm Name means fill foot Phyllopodia - flattened lead-like legs that function as gills Males use specially shaped antennae to grasp female during mating |
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Class Maxillopoda
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Subphylum Crustacea
Name means jaw foot they are barnacles and others - sessile feeders Monoecious |
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Class Malacostraca
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Subphylum Crustacea
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, isopods, crayfish Large claws Hard and spiny exoskeleton Camouflage |
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Subphylum Hexapoda
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Insects - means 6 feed
3 tagmata Head, Throax (legs, eings, major organs) Abdomen - no appendages - reproductive organs 1 pair of antennae Respiration by Trachea - Spiracles - external openings development can be holometabolous and Hemimetabolous (lacking pupal stage) |
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Mimicry in hexapoda
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Mullerian - dangerous species converge on simialar appearance
Batesian - harmless species look dangerous |
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Protostomes
Blastopore becomes the ___ Spiral or Radial? Mesoderm from __ enterocoely or schizocoely Which 4 phyla |
Mouth
Spiral 4D Schizocoely Platyhelminthes, annelids, mollusca, Arthopoda |
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Deutrerostomes
Blastopore becomes the ___ Spiral or Radial? Mesoderm from __ enterocoely or schizocoely Which 3 phyla |
Anus
Radia Enterocoely Enterocoely Enchinodermata, Chrodata |
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6 Major Features of Echinodermata
Body Symmetry Head?Brain? system... Cirulation Reprodcution Feet |
Body symmetry is Pentaradial
No head and no brain Has a water vasular system used for locomotion, anchoring, feeding, respiration, excretion and dermal endoskeleton - ossicles and spines Open circulatory system Reproduction Tube feet - at the ends of lateral canals - used for walking, respiration and suction |
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Asteroidea
What are they? What class are they in? Main way to move? What are two aboral traits? What is something present? What type of feeders? respiration? Ciculation? |
Sea Stars
Echinodermata Tube feet with suckers Anus and madreporite aboral Pedicellariae present Predators Respiration by tube feet and papulae Circulation via water vascular system |
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Ophiuroidea
What are they? What class? They have ___ ambulacral grooves Articulated ___ in arms ___ with no ampullae or suckers Respiration? Oral ____ Anus? ____ feeder |
Brittle Stars
Echinodermata -Articulated ossicles in arms -Spines on arms -Podia with no ampullae or suckers -Respiration by bursae -Oral medreporte -No anus -Suspension feeder |
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Echinoidea
What are they? What subphylum? ____ fused into test ____ spines Do they have tube feet? Respiration? Reduced ___ surface Special feeding structure? |
Sea Urchins
Echinodermata - Articulated ossicles in arms - Spines on arms - Podia with no ampullae or suckers - Respiration by bursae - Oral medreporte - No anus - Suspension feeder |
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Holothuroidea
What are they? What subphylum? Do they have a lot of ossicles? Where is the medreporite? Do they have tube feet? Repiration? ____ feeder ____ skeleton |
Sea Cucumbers
Echinodermata - Soft body – few ossicles - Medreporite internal - Suckered tube feet - Respiratory tree o Posterior/internal - Deposit feeder o Branched tentacles - Hydrostatic skeleton o Coelom |
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Crinoidea
What are they? Subphylum? Which surface is up? ____ ambulacral grooves ____ feeders ____ grooves |
Sea lillies, feather stars
Echinodermata - Oral surface up - Open ambulacral grooves - Suspension feeders o Used tube feet - Ciliated groove |
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5 Traits of all Chordates
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- Dorsal tubular nerve cord
- Notochord - Post-anal tail - Endostyle/thyroid - Pharyngeal gill slits/pouches |
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Subphylum Urochordata
What are they? _____ and ___ adults 2 ____ _____ feed using _____ ____ - tough outer covering ____ ciculatory system reproduction? Life cycle? |
Tunicata - sea squirts
Chordata - Sessile asymmetrical adults - 2 Siphons - Filter feed using pharyngeal slits - Tunic – tough outer covering - Open circulatory system - Solitary and colonial - Aseuxal or sexual - Life cycle o Free-swimming tadpole larva that transform into sessile adults that have lost their notochord, tail and nerve cord |
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
Burrowing ____ feeder ____ creates current _____ secretes mucus ____ body mono or di? |
Chordata
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Subphylum Vertebrata
Symmetry? Skin? ____ cord with __ part brain Brain case called... Heart of at least ___ chambers Most with ____, ____ , and ____ |
Chordata
- Bilaterally symmetrical, strongly cephalized - Vertebrate skin (epidermis + dermis) - Nerve cord with 3 part brain - Endoskeleton including a protective bran case (cranium) - Heart of at least 2 chambers - Most with vertebrae, paired appendages and jaws |
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- Heterochrony
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change in timing of development
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- Paedomorphosis
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the larval or juvenile form in the ancestor, becomes the adult form in the descendant group
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Class Myxini
What are they? Subphylum? Why are they what they are? ___ tongue, ____ gland, ____ no ____, _____ present in adults |
hagfish
Vertebrates - Have a cranium so they are vertebrates - Rasping tongue, slime gland, no vertebrae, notochord present in adult |
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Class Cephalaspidomorphi
What are they??? Subphylum?? They are ____ that breed in ____ ____ shaped mouth, ___ tongue ____ larva |
lampreys
Vertebrates - Some parasites, breed in streams, then die - Disc shaped mouth, rasping tongue, eyes - Ammocrete larva No jaw |
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Class Chondrichthyes
What are they?? Subphylum? mouth has ____ Paired ____ ____ skeleton ____ scales _____ slits plus ____ swim bladder? _____ blood mono or di |
Sharks, skates, rays
Vertebrates - Jaws and paired fins - Cartilaginous sketelon - Placoid scales - Gill slits plus spiracle - Oil in liver (no swim bladder) - Salty blood - Dioecious |
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Class Actinopterygii
What are they?? Subphylum?? they make up most ____ skeleton of ____ ____ dermal ____ Fines with many long _____ ___ ______ covers the gill _____ bladder less ___ blood di or mono? |
Ray-finned fish
Vertebrates - Most fishes - Skeleton of bone - Embedded dermal scales - Fins with many long dermal rays - Operculum covers the gills - Swim bladder - Less salty blood - Dioecious |
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Class Sarcopterygii
What are they?? Subphylum? ____ bladder ____ for respiration |
lobed-finned fishes
Vertebrates - Swim bladder vascularized for respiration |
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osmocronformers
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blood concentrations = sea water
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hyperosmotic
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- Excrete dilute urine
- Actively absorb ions across gills Blood concentrations are more concentrated than water |
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Characters Shared by Tetrapods
Limbs? Special about limbs? ___ for respiration |
- 4 limbs with limb girdles
o Each with 1 proximal and 2 distal limb bones - Nares for respiration |
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Amphibians
Subphylum? ____ ____ skin _____ teeth with a ____ base respiration by ___, ___, and ____ skin _ chambered heart di or mono? Many are ____ ____ skin Excrete ___ urine |
Vertebreates
- Thin glandular skin – mucous and poison glands - Pedicellate teeth - flexible base - Respiration by gills, lungs and moist skin - 3 chambered hear; double circulation - Dioecious - Many amphibians are toxic - Permeable skin - Excrete dilute urine |
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- Amniotic egg
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- Amniotic egg
o Amnion – water sack o Allantois – contains waste and respiration o Chorion – repiration o Shell – support, protection and water retention o Yolk |
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Amniotes
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Less tied to water
Amniotic eggs Concentrated urine Can converse water reptiles mammals |
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reptiles
Subphylum? ___ skull skin cvered with ____ scales (____ ____) ___to ____ chambered heart _____ (blood) 3 clades Testudines? Lepidosauria/Squamata Archosauria |
- Diapsid skull
- Skin covered with epidermal scales (beta keratin) - 3 - 4 chambered heart – double circulation - Ectothermic (cold blooded) - Major clades o Testudines – turtles o Lepidosauria/Squamata – lizards and snakes o Archosauria – Crocodiles and birds |
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Mammals
____ skull, ___ bones Hair? ____ glands ____ teeth ____ by _____ teeth ____ ears ___ chambered heart _____ (blood) |
Mammals
- Synapsid skull, turbinate bones - Hair - Epidermal glands - Skin with glands – sweat, scent, sebaceous, mammary - Hair, claws, fingernails, horn - keratin - Juvenile teeth replaced by permanent set - External ears - 4 chambered heart - Endothermic (warm-blooded) |
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Monotermes
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lay eggs, but provide milk for young
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Marsupials
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have a placenta but young are born undeveloped
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Placental
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mammals are born well-developed
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Birds... reptiles
adaptions for flight? 9 things |
- Feathers
- Forelimbs = wings - Beak (no teeth) - Hollow bones - Keeled sternum - Large flight muscles - Circular respiration - Heart rate – respiration – inspiration and expiration both push oxygenated air into lungs - 1 ovary |
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Ectotherm
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Cold blooded
May regulate temperature behaviorally lower basal metabolism Can survive periods without food Can be smaller More efficient conversion of food to biomass better able to survive where food is periodically abundant |
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Endothrem
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Warm blooded - birds and mammals
Lose heat quickly higher growth rates biochemistry optimized Can remain active less vulnerable to predators high altitudes easier |
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The serial sndosymbiont theory
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Engulfment without digection
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Metazoan origins
2 hypotheses |
Syncytial ciliate hypothesis
Colonial flagellate hypothesis |
