Arth Exam 3

Front 1

Constantine defeated the former tetrarch Maxentius at the Battle of _____

Back 1

The Milvian Bridge

Front 2

As the new Roman Emperor, Constantine adopted and promoted this new religion:

Back 2

Christianity

Front 3

Constantine celebrated his victory with a triumphal arch and a new building which most Romans would have called a temple, and Christians consider the first official Christian Church:

Back 3

Church of St. Peter

Front 4

The architects of the new church of St. Peter used this type of Roman public building as a model:

Back 4

basilica

Front 5

Classical artists typically indicate the physical presence of God in naturalistic (if idealized) sculpture. Early Christian artists prefer this type of representation:

Back 5

Symbolic representations

Front 6

Despite the biblical prohibition against worship of "graven images" the 3rd Century synagogue at Dura Europos is decorated with murals, but ___ is never represented in figural form.

Back 6

God

Front 7

In the Consecration of the Tabernacle scene, the figure of Aaron is larger than the other figures because _____

Back 7

He is the most important

Front 8

Aaron is shown as flatter than the other figures because ____

Back 8

it emphasizes that Aaron is a symbol rather than a physical likeness

Front 9

The earliest Christian paiting in Rome survives in this context:

Back 9

Catacombs

Front 10

In the first centuries of Christianity, Roman Christians buried their dead in a network of underground passages called ____.

Back 10

Catacombs

Front 11

Among the type of subjects represented on the walls and ceilings of these underground passages might be:

Back 11

Scenes of salvation

Front 12

Roman burials were always ____ the city walls.

Back 12

Outside

Front 13

One concrete method by which the early Christians express their belief in immortality of the soul, and suggest and the unimportance of physical death might be ____________

Back 13

Allowing dead body inside church

Front 14

The earliest figures which may represent Christ show Him in this role:

Back 14

Good shepherd

Front 15

The altar of a Christian church is typically aligned towards this cardinal point:

Back 15

East

Front 16

Requirements for a Christian church include a place for the congregation to meet, but the focus of the liturgy is the celebration of the _____

Back 16

eucharist

Front 17

Models for churches include another type of Roman building, such as Costantia's ____

Back 17

mausoleum - tomb

Front 18

The church of Santa Constanza in Rome and the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia both served two functions; they were used as ___ and as ____.

Back 18

tombs and churches

Front 19

The four books of the New Testament are the four _____.

Back 19

Gospels

Front 20

Name the Four Evangelists and their symbols:

Back 20

Matthew: man
Mark: lion
Luke: bull
John: eagle

Front 21

Roman burials are invariably outside the city walls; why did Christian churches incorporate dead bodies?

Back 21

Memorial to the dead & way of showing how unimportant the physical body was

Front 22

Early Christian and Byzantine churches are typically decorated in this medium:

Back 22

Mosaic

Front 23

Mosaics may use tesserae of glass and gold deliberately placed at irregular angles to create this effect:

Back 23

The gold glitters & gives effect of heavenly glow

Front 24

Adherents of Jewish and Christian and Muslim religions were referred to as _______

Back 24

people of the book.

Front 25

Indications of Roman royal or imperial statues include this color, adapted to signify the statue of Jesus:

Back 25

purple

Front 26

Mosaic decorations of churches tell a story and convey a message; the theme of the mosaics in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore is ______

Back 26

the history of human salvation

Front 27

Some of the representations seem deliberately un-naturalistic; in the scene of Lot and Abraham, why does the artist insert a slive of gold between the two figures?

Back 27

Emphasizes their separate choices

Front 28

For the "People of the Book", the written word of God is important. In the 4th century, the format of books changed from _____ to _____

Back 28

Scroll to bound codex

Front 29

In the first few centuries after the birth of Christ, Christianity was an "underground" religion; by 359 CE, the "Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus" lets us know that Christianity is an important official religion because:

Back 29

sarcophagus belongs to an important official of the Roman Empire

Front 30

In the 4th Century, Constantine moves the capital of the Roman empire from ___ to the small trading port of Byzantium, which re renames ________.

Back 30

Rome
Constantinople

Front 31

In 394 C.E. the sacred games at Olympia were ___ and Roman temples were ____.

Back 31

ended & closed

Front 32

Churches in the ____ tend to be in basilica form and churches in the ____ tend to use a central plan.

Back 32

West, East

Front 33

The figures of Justinian in San Vitale are described having no physical form or eartly space, but as existing in an eternal present; how does the artist create this effect?

Back 33

Very flattened figures, w/o modeling, feet seem to float with pointed toes

Front 34

What are Justinian and Theodora holding? Why?

Back 34

A loaf of bread & cup of wine - elements of the sacrament of the eucharist transformed into body & blood of Christ. Emperor & Empress are main actors in this important ritual

Front 35

The square nave of Hagia Sophia is roofed with a circular dome; the triangular architectural feature makes a transition between the two shapes is called a :

Back 35

pendentive

Front 36

The dome of Hagia Sophia seems to float because ____

Back 36

A row of closely spaced windows at the base

Front 37

Procopius describes the church, and suggests that the purpose of the design and decoration is ___

Back 37

one's mind is "lifted up towards God...feeling that He cannot be far away"

Front 38

Hagia Sophia does not quite look as it did in Justinian's time because this is missing from the walls ____

Back 38

the figural mosaics

Front 39

The windows at the base of the dome of Hagia Sophia serve this practical function:

Back 39

to admit light

Front 40

And this expressive function:

Back 40

to suggest the light of God

Front 41

In a 6th Century ivory in the British Museum, the presence of St. Michael is described as compelling because of it's disembodied quality; how does the artist create this effect?

Back 41

Inconsistent relationship between the figure & architecture (arms in front of & feet behind the columns)

Front 42

An ivory or a paining made in two parts hinged together is called a _______

Back 42

diptych

Front 43

In the illustrated page of the Vienna Genesis, why is the Virgin Mary on a donkey represented twice?

Back 43

Two episodes in the same story

Front 44

A typical feature of Byzantine art are images which may be portable objects used for personal devotion:

Back 44

icons

Front 45

Controversy in the 8th Century concerned the use of images - whether they were useful aids to worship, or graven whose use was akin to worshipping idols. Emperor Leo III encouraged the destruction of all images; this destruction is called ____

Back 45

iconoclasm

Front 46

In the Christian, Jewish, and Islamic faiths, the prohibition against the worship of idols comes from this document:

Back 46

10 Commandments

Front 47

The "Middle" Byzantine church of Daphne uses a central plan decorated with narratives; to read the images in order one must circulate through the church. This movement may intend to evoke this kind of journey:

Back 47

pilgrimage

Front 48

Hallmarks of Byzantine art include stiff figures and gold grounds, a style descrbied in Italy as _____

Back 48

the Greek style

Front 49

Static images glowing with the radiance of heaven might be effectively represented in mosaic, but the dramatic images of the anastatsis at the Church of Kariye Camii in Istanbul are in this medium:

Back 49

painted in fresco

Front 50

The city once known as Constantinople is now the modern city of _______.

Back 50

Istanbul

Front 51

The ____ is the area where the congregation sits

Back 51

Nave

Front 52

____ are the "arms," at right angles to the nave.

Back 52

Transept

Front 53

The passages to the sides of the nave and transepts.

Back 53

Aisle

Front 54

Elevated semi-circular area at the East end, usually behind the altar.

Back 54

Apse

Front 55

The holy book of Islam, the Word of God, is called after the Arabic word meaning "word" _____

Back 55

Quran

Front 56

The Word of God was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the prophet

Back 56

Mohammad

Front 57

The biblical name Abraham is the Arabic name Ibrahim, and the biblical name Isaac is ____

Back 57

Ismail

Front 58

This event including Ibrahim or Abraham is represented in the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus and commemorated in the Dome of the Rock:

Back 58

Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac

Front 59

The Arabic word for God is ____

Back 59

Allah

Front 60

Worship of Islam didn't require a basilica-type structure because the practice of worship was different; what are the requirements for a mosque?

Back 60

Space for the individual to pray

Front 61

The Five Pillars of Islam are ____, ____, _____, _____, ______.

Back 61

belief in one god,prayer, alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca

Front 62

According to Muhammand ibn Mahmud, writing is important because ____

Back 62

Writing the word God = form of worship

Front 63

Script is an important element in the decoration of religious structures; the Dome of the rock includes a frieze with texts from this book:

Back 63

Quran

Front 64

The function of a minaret:

Back 64

tower so people can hear the call to prayer

Front 65

A niche in the wall of a mosque which marks the direction of Mecca is called

Back 65

mihrab

Front 66

In a Delaware mosque, the niche will be on the ____

Back 66

side of the building East

Front 67

A type of decoration with intertwined strap-like lines may be flowing swirls or geometric shapes; the pattern is called

Back 67

arabesque

Front 68

The art of writing so beautifully that the letters themselves are decoration:

Back 68

calligraphy

Front 69

The decoration of Islamic religious texts and buildings and objects are always aniconic; in what context do Islamic artists use figural images?

Back 69

in non-religious works

Front 70

Division of Islam into Shi'ite and Sunni derives from a controversy about the nature of religious authority; Shi'ite followers believed that community leaders must be ____

Back 70

direct physical descendants of the Prophet Mohammad

Front 71

The period referred to as "Early Medieval" or the "Dark Ages" have this muddled name because _________

Back 71

the period incorporates the traditions of a variety of different groups, with different languages, legal codes, gods, etc.

Front 72

What might one assume about the lifestyles of people whose art consists of small, decorated, useful, and portable objects?

Back 72

Nomadic

Front 73

A kind of decoration which uses ribbon-like forms twisted into knots:

Back 73

interlace

Front 74

On the animal head from the Osberg ship, the ribbon-like forms are zoomorphic, i.e. ______________

Back 74

in the shape of animals

Front 75

The earliest Christian monasteries were deliberately placed in this kind of environment:

Back 75

as far from civilization as possible

Front 76

Books in the Roman empire were in this form ___ but books in the Middle Ages were ______

Back 76

scrolls / codex

Front 77

A book written by hand is a

Back 77

manuscript

Front 78

In 793 C.E. the ____ attacked the Monastery of Lindisfarne

Back 78

Vikings

Front 79

On the ships of their attackers, the monks of Lindisfarne probably saw a work such as this:

Back 79

Osberg ship head

Front 80

The Viking king at Osberg and the Anglo-Saxon king interred at Sutton Hoo were buried in

Back 80

ships

Front 81

"Carolingian" art is called after "Carolus Magnus" whom we typically refer to as

Back 81

Charlemagne

Front 82

Charlemagne saw himself as reviving an ancient empire, so on Christmas day in the year 800 he was crowned Emperor in the city of _____.

Back 82

Rome

Front 83

The doors commissioned by Bishop Bernwald for the monastery church at Hildesheim are in this medium:

Back 83

bronze

Front 84

The subject of the images of the left door is ____ _____ _____, and the right is _____ _____ _____.

Back 84

Old Testament stories, New Testament stories

Front 85

The images on the Hildesheim doors might be seen as horizontal pairs, a typology in which the Old Testament is a prefiguration of the New Testament; the overall message of the doors might be _____

Back 85

the origin of sin and method of redeption

Front 86

What did the artist of the scene representing Christ washing the feet of His apostles want a plain gold background to the figures?

Back 86

The gold makes flat background which makes it easy to see essential gestures

Front 87

Why did the artist represent Christ with one arm longer than the other?

Back 87

Allowing us to read the gesture clearly is more important than anatomy

Front 88

The subject is now so familiar that it is difficult for us to recognize the innovation of the Gero Crucifix, but Christ is represented in a new way:

Back 88

first surviving representation of Jesus which shows Him suffering

Front 89

The first representations of Christ which show him as suffering on the cross seem to have been made at around this time:

Back 89

970-1000

Front 90

In a village, town, or city in Europe in the Middle Ages, the largest structure would be a ____.

Back 90

Church

Front 91

Builders designing churches in Europe in c. 1000 AD borrowed construction techniques from surviving Roman buildings; what kind of buildings or structures might they have seen?

Back 91

Aquaducts, basilicas, amphitheatures

Front 92

Many churches in the Romanesque period were much larger than required for local congregations because they were on the routes of _______

Back 92

pilgrimage

Front 93

An object which belonged to a holy person is called a _____.

Back 93

Relic

Front 94

A container for these objects is a ______.

Back 94

Reliquary

Front 95

The most popular subject for a sculpture above the main entrance to a Romanesque church:

Back 95

Last Judgement

Front 96

In a Roman structure like the Pont du Garde, the arches standing side-by side support one another; the arches in a Romanesque church are supported from the outside of the church by masonry supports called _____.

Back 96

Buttresses

Front 97

In Northern Europe from the early Middle Ages onward, most churches were built with a floorplan in this shape: ____.

Back 97

cross

Front 98

The side wings or "arms" of the church plan are called

Back 98

transepts

Front 99

The political system of Europe in the Romanesque period in which people owed allegiance to a local lord _____

Back 99

feudalism

Front 100

In the Middle Ages, the only institution which transcended local boundries was the ___

Back 100

church, headed by the Pope in Rome

Front 101

In the Romanesque period an image of a man fighting an animal might be interpreted as an allegory of _______

Back 101

God vs devil

Front 102

Churches in the Romanesque period often look as solid and massive as a fortress, and the christian church of this period is sometimes described as "militant" what was the Church fighting?

Back 102

Sin

Front 103

For scholars in the Middle Ages, a spiritual life might take a contemplative form: one might live thus:

Back 103

As a monk

Front 104

For scholars in Middle Ages, a spiritual life might take an active form; one might fight in the:

Back 104

Crusades

Front 105

The Abbot of Saint Denis who argued that we might apprehend God thru the visual beauty and magnificence of gold & jewels is named ______.

Back 105

Abbot Suger

Front 106

The ideal in a Gothic church was to have walls filled in with ____ ____.

Back 106

Stained glass

Front 107

In Medieval architecture, building in the _______ style tend to have the appearance of solid block-like shapes, and building in the _____ tend to have the appearance of tall thin linear shapes.

Back 107

Romanesque/Gothic

Front 108

In Medieval sculpture, figures in the _____ style tend to have the proportions of an average person, and figures in the ____ style tend to look improbably tall, thin, attenuated.

Back 108

Romanesque/Gothic

Front 109

In a church in the Romanesque style, the vaults use arches in this shape: _____ and in the Gothic style, the vaults use arches in this shape: ____.

Back 109

Rounded/pointed

Front 110

When the Romanesque cathedral of Chartes was destroyed in a fire, who decided to rebuild?

Back 110

citizens of Chartres

Front 111

In the ____ style, artists seem to prefer to show figures as structural forms, rahter than as free standing figures.

Back 111

Romanesque

Front 112

In the ___ style, artists seem to prefer to show free-standing figures.

Back 112

Gothic

Front 113

A circular window of stained glass is called a _____ window.

Back 113

Rose

Front 114

Light was so important in a Medieval church to see by, but also because light was a symbol for __.

Back 114

God