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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the 3 major influences on Mexican history?
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1. Richness of indigenous culture
2. Spanish= brought religion, architecture, language 3. The Boarder with US= source of challenges |
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Who was the Virgin of Guatelupe?
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-Virgin Mary
-Appeared to Juan Diego and inspired him, picture of Mary on his vest -3 cathedrals were built |
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Who was Father Hidalgo?
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-Roman Catholic priest, Mexican
-Didn't like how Spanish gov and church treated Mexicans, lead revolution |
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How did Mexico declare independence from Spain?
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-Spain forced into French War
-Mexicans write Constitution of 1824 (but fails to establish rights of state vs federal so weak) -Texas declares independence from Mexico -Polk wins election in US and wants to annex Texas |
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What were the causes of the Mexican-American War?
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-Who gets Texas?
-Mexico in debt to US, but no $ to pay back -Manifest Destiny in US, "save land from corrupt Mexicans" -Texas wanted independence from both, but US wins. |
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What was the Treat of Guatalupe Hildalgo?
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-Ends Mexican-American war
-Rio Grande River establishes US and Mexican boarder -Mexico recognizes US's annex of Texas -Mexico gave US California and New Mexico -US paid Mexico $15 mil for the new land |
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What were the results of the Mexican-American war?
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-Mexico hostility (towards US)
-Lost 1/2 of territory -Began to question if they could survive independently -Santa Anna asks US for a loan, US makes Gaster purchase instead |
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Who was Benito Juarez?
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-Born into poor, indigenous family (Zapata Indians), orphin adopted as servant and then sent him to college
-Wanted to go into priesthood, then changed to Law -Became governor of Oaxacu |
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Define Mexican political views?
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-Conservative= believed in power of church, military, status quo
-Liberal= less influence of church, decrease military $ for education and health reform -Constitution of 1857 (liberals)= equality for all Mexicans -Ley Juarez= abolished military and church priviledge to be exempt from trial in civil courts -Ley Lerdo= corporations could not keep land that wasn't being used daily, including church. Backfired, peasants saw church as protector |
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What was the London Convention?
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-France, Spain, England, decided to press Mexico on debts
-Bad timing, b/c during civil war -Joint occupation of Mexico= until debt was paid, sent Maxmillian who was liberal, but liberals didn't like him -Juarez becomes president |
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Who was Steinback?
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-Went to Stanford, left to NY to focus on writing
-Interested in class as a theme -Won nobel prize for Grapes of Wrath= Jode family in Depression traveling across country, quest for decent life, female characters support men -Themes: challenging a system that keeps ppl from sustainment and dignity, What is humanity? (what makes us human?) -The Pearl |
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Who was Porfirio Diaz?
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-High-ranked general
-Cientificos= group of advisers, goals: economic development neccessary (no matter $), Economic stability needs for social progress, Mexico is not ready for democracy, lots of $-modernizing infostructure, Diaz should allow US to invest in public land -Last one angered villagers (thought land was theirs) -Said indigenous ppl had no morality, state should not help b/c social darwinism |
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Who was Medero?
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-Wrote Presidential Succession
-Called for free and open elections and a political party to support Constitution of 1857 -Decides to run for president, but Diaz country is endangered -Flees to Texas, declares Diaz's election illegal and becomes president -Juerta overthrows and kills him |
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How were the Mexican people under Diaz and what did they do to rebel?
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-Illiteracy rates 80%, high infant mortality rate, homelessness
-People rally under Villa and Army of the North and Zapata and Army of the South -Villa seen as folk herder to Mexicans, villain to US b/c he stole cattle from US boarders -Zapata was a villager, "land and liberty" |
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What were the tenets (themes) of the Mexican Revolution?
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1. Nationalism= Mexico for Mexicans
2. Recover natural resources other countries had taken 3. Indigenous ppl wanted to be treated well (and land) 4. Anti-American, US was taking advantage of ppl |
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What was the Plan of Ayala?
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-Plan by Zapata to talk to Medero
-Immediate restoration of lands illegally taken from peasants -1/3 of land used for plantations given to peasants -If both conditions not met, threatened to use army |
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Who were the next presidents?
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-Huerta overthrows Medero
-Huerta defeated at Battle of Zacatecas by Villa with US support -Carranza and Obregon unite against Zapata and Villa -Carranza becomes president -Obregon becomes president after Carranza is assasinated |
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What was the Constitution of 1917?
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-Ends revolution
-Article 123= guarenteed right of workers to organize, 8 hr work days, minimum wage, equal pay regardless of race and gender, right to strike -Article 27= gave gov. right to takeover lands that had been sold to foreign lands -Article 3= provided for free education |
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What was The Underdogs?
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-Book by Azuela
-Compared work to an epic= Demetrio similar to Cede (epic about war, leave family to fight), Song of Roland, Illiad -Demetrio-Demeter connection= goddess of harvest, he's happy in the field -"The Underdogs is a journey from origin to origin but w/o myth"= revolution went in circles, no heroic deeds |
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Who was Herbert Reed?
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-Wrote Philosophy of Modern Art
-Completely ignored Mexican Muralists making connection to revolution through art -Art work in US connected through New Deal Depression work |
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What were the basics of the Mexican Muralists Movement?
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-Under president Obregon
-Main muralists= Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros |
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Who were the Cientificos?
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-Advisors to Diaz, wanted "order and progress"
-Order was oppression, progress was well being of the wealthy -European Mexicans over indigenous |
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What was the Athenium of Youth?
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-College students and teachers lecture/debate club
-Wanted secularization of education, freedom of speech and press |
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What is revolutionary nationalism?
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-Belief that Mexico had to find it's identity in pre-Columbian period
-Quest for national, cultural, and intellectual identity -Resulted in Mexican Muralist |
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Who was Gherado Marillo?
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-Atl, staged indigenous art exhibition in response to Diaz celebrating Mexican independence with a exhibition
,lines to get in, boycott at Diaz's -Created Artistic Center= place for students to exchange -Became director of Academy of San Carlos -Philosophies= art should be joined to political and social, academy should be useful and serve revolution -Started Van Guard newspaper |
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Who was Vasconcelos?
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-Secretary of State for Public Education (post-revolution)
-Supported revolutionary and culture nationalism -Used budge to hire muralists to educate public -Pre-Columbian influence |
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"I shall never yield to a foreign enemy. I shall wage the war the whole nation has expected until Maximilian recognizes the justice of our cause."
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-Juarez
-Wanted independence from Maximillian and Europe for Mexico |
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"Whenever there is a fight, so hungry can eat, I'll be there."
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Steinback's voice in Grapes of Wrath
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"I will not recognize a government of butchers" and "I'm going to teach them how to elect a good man."
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Woodrow Wilson when US steps in to aid Villa with weapons
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"Save the land from lazy, immoral, and corrupt Mexicans."
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Polk regarding Manifest Destiny
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"The Underdogs is a journey from origin to origin but without myth."
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Revolution went in circles, no heroic deeds.
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"It does not seem that the contradiction which exists between the aristocratic function of art and the democratic structure of modern society can ever be resolved."
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Herbert Reed, ignored Mexican muralists and New Deal Depression art
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"We owe him the first direct militancy of Mexican artists in the ranks of the revolution."
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Siquieros about Atl
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"Art saturated with primitive vigor and new subject matter."
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Vasconcelos's views
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