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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vienna, Austria
-which composers? |
one of the most important musical-cultural centers in Europe in the 18th-19th century
-Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |
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When was the Classic Period?
When was the Romantic Period? |
Classic: 1750-1820
Romantic: 1800-1900 (19th century) |
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Esterhazy family
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-the wealthiest and most powerful hungarian royal family
-patrons of Haydn |
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General characteristics of classical music
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-lyrical, folk-like or brief melodies (memorable+appeal to wider audience)
-homophonic texture -structural clarity, regularity and balance -major/minor tonality |
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key
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a collection of pitches organized around a central pitch (the TONIC)
-a hierarchy network of interval relationships |
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When was the invention of the piano?
What is the pianoforte/fortepiano? |
-piano invented in 1700
-it was a keyboard instrument that could play loud and soft -dominant instrument of classical era -fortepiano is the original name for a piano, because it could play different loudnesses |
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symphony
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multi-movement instrumental genre for orchestra alone
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sonata
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genre of chambre music for either piano alone or instrumental soloist and piano accompaniment
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concerto
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-a genre for large-ensemble music in multiple movements
-for a featured instrumental soloist with an orchestra |
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string quartet
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two violins, viola and cello
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piano quintet
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multi-movement genre for piano, 1st violin, 2nd violin, viola and cello
(string quartet+piano) |
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woodwind quintet
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a multi-movement genre for the flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, and french horn
*though french horn is brass instrument it is included |
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what were the bowed strings of a classical orchestra?
woodwinds of late 18th century orchestra? double-reed woodwind instruments? brass instruments of romantic orchestra? percussion? |
bowed strings:
violin, viola, cello, double bass woodwinds: flute, clarinet double-reed woodwinds: oboe, bassoon brass: french horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba percussion: timpani |
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chamber music
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social/domestic music making
-a type of classical music for a small group of instruments -any art music that is performed with one person to a part |
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tonality/functional tonality
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the system of major and minor keys that was the foundation of music theory+practice in the Western world
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major key?
minor key? |
major key:
movement between ascending pitches that follows the pattern 1,1, (1/2), 1,1,1, (1/2) minor key: ascending pitches that follows the pattern 1, (1/2), 1, 1, (1/2), 1, 1 |
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chromatic scale
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series of pitches moving in half steps, including all 12 pitches
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tonic
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the central pitch that all the other pitches in a key are organized around
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dominant
what is another name for it? |
dominant pitch is the 5th note of a major/minor scale
called "perfect 5th" |
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modulation
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a change of key WITHIN a peice of music by moving the tonic
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transposition
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changing the key of a piece of music by moving the tonic
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minuet
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a piece of music in 3/4 time, in the style of a minuet dance
(often incorporated into sonatas or suites) |
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scherzo
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movement in a symphony that is light and vigorous in tempo (often playful)
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binary form vs. ternary form
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binary form: 2 part form,
-begins with tonic key -modulates away form to other keys -goes back to tonic key at end ternary form: A B A form -more structured version of binary form |
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sonata form
what does it consists of? |
-large scale musical structure
-usually in first movement of a piece -consists of: exposition, development, recapitulation |
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theme and variations form
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-fist music heard is theme
-variations of the theme throughout the piece (same melody in different keys) |
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What occurs in the exposition of sonata form?
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-primary theme area
-primary tonic key area -secondary theme area -secondary key area ...development, recapitulation |
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coda
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-very last section of musical movement occuring after the overall formal scheme is done
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sequence
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-short musical motive that is repeated over and over in different pitch levels
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cadenza
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section near the end of a concerto where an instrumental soloists plays completely alone with no accompaniment
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legato
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-indicated to play notes in long, full, connected manner
(usually shown by horizontal lines above notes) |
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staccato
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-indicates that notes are played in short, seperated manner (usually shown by small dots above notes)
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motive
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-short musical idea
-succession of notes that has special importance in composition |
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theme
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-recognizable melody
-often introduced at beginning of a piece -whole composition if based off this theme |
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virtuoso
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individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in fine arts
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lyrical
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-generally brief melodies that are memorable
-appeal to wider audiences |
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patronage
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-right to control appointments to office or privileges of composer
-financed composers music |
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what is Romanticism?
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-cultural movement emphasizing emotion, imagination and individualism
-reaction against balance+restraint of classical era -EMOTIONAL SUBJECTIVITY -focus on irrational, emotional, world of dreams and horror -emphasis on NATURE= source of inspiration |
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nationalism
example? |
desire to intentionally create/celebrate own national identity within artistic creations
ex. Chopin created polish, nationalist works |
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exoticism
example? |
desire to intentionally create/celebrate a foreign national identity (or scene) within artistic creations
ex.Chopin's foreign, polish identity within his works was an example of exoticism in France |
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program music
example? |
instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene - anything "extra-musical"
-nonmusical association usually identified by title/notes in concert program ex. Romeo and Juliet overture by Tchaikovsky |
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chromatic harmony
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-use of chords and pitches that don't function normally within the diatonic tonal system of major/minor keys
-creates heightened emotional effect -loosens aural sense of key and tonic |
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art song/Lied
why was it popular? |
-genre of song composed for a solo voice with piano accompaniment
-musical setting of high-quality poem (often known to audience) popular because the piano was commonly in homes of wealthier families -home music making was common |
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what are the 3 forms in art songs?
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strophic form: each poetic verse is set to the same, repeating music
modified strophic form: some of poem's verses are set to the same music, but other parts of music differ (often at end of song) through-composed: music of song is composed all the way through the peice, contains no repreated sections |
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song cycle/ Lied cycle
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-collection of art songs that are published together as a set + share other characteristics:
-related pattern of keys between songs -reappearance of musical motives -poems by same poet -poems related in subject mattter/tell story -poems represent same musical/poetic persona |
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absolute music
example? |
instrumental music, NOT intended to portray specific message/imagery
aka NOT programmatic -usually has generic title ex. Mozart's Piano Concerto No.17 in G major |
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what are 2 genres that are always program music?
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concert overture
symphonic poem |
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concert overture
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one-movement work in SONATA FORM for orchestra, with desciptive title
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symphonic poem
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one-movement work in a FREE FORM for orchestra, with a descriptive title
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rubato/tempo rubato
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varies the time/steady beat of the piece by slowing down or speeding up in an expressive manner
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character piece
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-one-movement miniatures for solo piano
-evokes a mood, melodic, LYRICAL (often simple forms) -variety of fanciful titles, suggesting: improvisatory style, urban/nationalistic dance type or a mood/picturesque |
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etude
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-many of Chopin's character pieces are called etudes
-derives from French word for "study" -designed as technical studies for piano students + for concert performances -technically difficult |
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polonaise
+ nocturne |
polonaise: character piece title that suggests nationalistic dance type
nocturne: chracter piece title that suggests mood/ is picturesque --> nocturne is "night piece" |
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what are some names given to character pieces?
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-waltz, intermezzo, mazurka, polonaise, nocturne, impromptu, etc.
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opera seria/grand opera
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genres of serious opera
-opera seria, Italian -grand opera, French |
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opera buffa/ opera comique
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genres of comic opera
-opera buffa, Italian -opera comique, French |
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Out of opera seria, grand opera, opera buffa and opera comique, which is the only one that uses spoken dialogue?
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-French opera comique
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what is the basic story line of Madama Butterfly?
what is the aria "un bel di"/ when is it sung? |
-tragic opera
-Pinkterton marries Butterfly, a geisha -she renounces her religion for him -after years, Pinkerton has left but promised to return and Bfly is almost out of money -in aria "un be di", Bfly pictures return of Pinkerton and imagines joyfulness -Pinkerton marries American woman, when Bfly finds out she kills herself |
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bel canto style/aria
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-"beautiful singing"
-singing style of 19th century Italian opera -decorative melodic lines delivered by voices with agility+purity of tone |
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prima donna
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-the singer of a principal female role in opera/ leading female singer in opera company
-Italian |
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gesamtkunstwerk
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"total artwork"
-all-encompassing artwork that integrates all aspects of music, theater, poetry, drama and visual spectacle |
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Bayreuth Festival Theatre
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-in Germany, innovative plan which was designed for performances of Wagner's music dramas by Bavarian king (his patron)
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The Ring Cycle ( The Ring of the Nibelung)
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-cycle of 4 music dramas by Wagner
-most famous/important achievement -characters+ action drawn from Norse mythology -political-> destructiveness of lust for wealth and power |
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endless melody
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-continuous musical fabric of melodic lines
-mostly orchestra, vocalists cary few important parts |
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Which famous ballets did Tchaikovsky compose?
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Swan Lake
Sleeping Beauty The Nutcracker |
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music drama
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-Wagner wrote books with important theories for a new genre of opera, called music drama
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opus (number)
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a set of compositions by a composer usually ordered by date of publication
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prelude vs. postlude
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-prelude introduces a piece
-postlude ends the piece |
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neoclassicism
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western liberal arts inspired by classical art and culture of ancient greece and rome
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double concerto
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-features two instrumental soloists and an orchestra
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singspiel
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-light/comic German opera that has spoken dialogue
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subject matter of librettos in 19th century German opera
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-German libretto's drawn from medieval German epics
-inspiration from Norse mythology -glorified German land and its people |
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subject matter of 19th century librettos of Italian opera
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-based on popular contemporary novels and plays
-realist and contemporary characteres of all social classes |
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what does a key do?
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-limits the number of pitches used in a piece of music
-from 12 (entire chromatic scale) to seven |
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where does the strongest possible Cadence in music end?
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on tonic
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what is a major/minor SCALE?
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arrangement of 7 pitches of major or minor key
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