Art History Chapter 19 Glossary

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Nimbus

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a halo around the head or aureole

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Terracotta

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hard baked clay used for pottery, sculpture and as a building material

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Equestrian statue

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sculpture of a man on a horse developed by Romans

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Sculpture in the round

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free standing sculpture

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relief sculpture

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sculpture carved into a panel or a wall

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renovatio

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renewal, charlemagne's neo-classical renewal during the middle ages

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trefoil arches

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arches using a cloverlike shape of three stylized leaves

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sarcophagus

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coffin usually of stone

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italo byzantine style

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style in early italian renaissance using elements of old byzantine

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tempera

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a technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk,

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altarpiece

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a panel painted or sculpted, situated above and behind an altar. It's also called retable

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stigmata

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marks resembling Chirst's wounds

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gold leaf

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gold beaten into tissue paper thin sheets, then applied to a surface

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illuminated manuscript

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a luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations

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the great schism

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split in church due to election of two popes: one french and one italian

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monastic orders

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an organization of monks living together following the same rules as benedictines

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mendicant orders

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monks belonging to franciscan and dominican orders who renounced all worldly goods and lived as beggars

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icon

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a portrait or image in byzantine churches, a panel with painting of sacred person

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confraternities

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organizations of laypersons who dedicated themselves to strict religious observance, caring for the sick and doing good deeds.

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tramezzo

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screen originally across the nave to separate friars from lay audience that was removed in the 16th century

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naturalism

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close observation of natural world that was at the core of classical tradition

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city-states

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independent political units in Italy corresponding to geographic region

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republics

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constitutional oligarchies, governed by executive bodies, advisory counsel, etc

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black death

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bubonic plague that erupted in the late 1340's originating in China killing between 35%-50% of European population

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vernacular

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language of the people.

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renaissance humanism

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growing concern with the natural world, individual and humanity's worldly existence that led to code of civil conduct

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renaissance

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rebirth in french, refers to revived interest in classical antiquity as model and rebirth of art and culture

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pretrach

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famous humanist who wrote books on illustrious men, praising civil virtue, self sacrifice, and stoic indifference to personal misfortune

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fresco

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italian for fresh, an ancient painting technique applying permanent limeproof pigements diluted in water on freshly laid lime plaster

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arriccio

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brown coat, rought later of plaster on wall for artists to draw or transfer composition

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sinopia

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burnt orange pigment used to draw on arriccio

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cartoon

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preparatory drawing transferred onto plaster coat (arriccio)

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intonanto

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painting coat laid in sections called giornate (day)

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usury

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sin in jewish, christian and muslim religions that forbid charging interest when lending money.

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grisaille

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painting modeling in monochrome grays often used to resemble sculpture and architecture

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chiaroscuro

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use of contrasts of dark and light to produce modeling

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perspective

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depiction of 3D objects in space on 2D surface

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mystery p(?)

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drama of the mass extended into 1&2 act plays/tableaus in church and city squares

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predella

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raised shelf panel painting

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punchwork

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tooled decorative designs in gold leaf

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international style

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style in Europe 14th and 15th cen. appealed to aristocratic taste for brilliant colors, lavish costumes, intricate ornaments, use of gold

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piers

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a vertical freestanding masonry support

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ogee arches

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arhces made of arches of double curving lines

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Quatrefoil

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Cloverleaf shapes

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pinnacles

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in gothic churches, a sharply pointed ornament capping the piers of flying buttresses, also used in church facades

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palazzo pubblico

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public palace - city hall

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faade

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front of building

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dodge

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duke- in venice

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revetment

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decorative wall paneling