Art Appreciation Final Review - Terms

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technology and environment.

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architecture depends on

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technology

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The materials and methods available to a given culture.

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environment

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The distinct landscape characteristics of the local site, including its climatic features.

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shell system

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In architecture, one of the two basic structural systems, in which one basic material both provides the structural support and the outside covering of a building.
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skeleton and skin system

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- In architecture, one of the two basic structural systems, which consists of an interior frame, the skeleton, that supports the more fragile outer covering of the building, the skin.

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post and lintel construction

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A system of building in which two posts support a crosspiece, or lintel, that spans the distance between them.
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arch

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Perfected by the Romans. An innovation that revolutionized the built environment.

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arch

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A curved, often semicircular architectural form that spans an opening or space built of wedge-shaped blocks, called voussoirs, with a keystone centered at its top.

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amphitheater

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A building type invented by the Romans (literally meaning a “double theater”), in which two semicircular theaters are bought face to face.
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dome

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A roof generally in the shape of a hemisphere or half-globe.
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wood-frame

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Inexpensive. Perfect for domestic architecture.
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wood-frame

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A true skeleton-and-skin building method, commonly used in domestic architecture to the present.
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reinforced concrete

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Concrete in which steel reinforcement bars, or rebars, are placed to both strengthen and make concrete less brittle.
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green architecture

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An architectural practice that strives to build more environmentally friendly and sustainable building.
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paleolithic

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Of or relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age beginning with the earliest chipped stone tools, about 750,000 years ago, until the beginning of the Mesolithic Period, about 15,000 years ago.
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neolithic

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Of or relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age beginning around 10,000 b.c.e. in the Middle East and later elsewhere, characterized by the development of agriculture and the making of polished stone implements.
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neolithic

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People abandoned temporary shelters for permanent structures built of wood, brick, and stone.
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neolithic

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Religious rituals were regularized in shrines dedicated to that purpose.
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neolithic

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Crafts, pottery, and weaving began to flourish.
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Egyptian Culture

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began to flourish along the Nile River.
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Egyptian Culture

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For 3,000 years their culture remained unchanged.
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Egyptian Culture

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was providing a home for the ka, that part of the human being that define personality and that survives life on earth after death.
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Egyptian Culture

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The ka could find a home in a statue of the deceased, through mummification, in the mummy’s coffin, and/or the pyramids.
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Greek Art

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Western world’s gods now become personified, taking human form and assuming human weaknesses. No longer beasts or natural phenomena such as the earth, the sun, or the rain.
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Greek Art

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consisted of various tribes. These tribes soon developed into independent and often warring city-states, with their own constitutions, coinage, and armies.
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Greek Art

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In 776 BCE the feuding states declared a truce and held the first Olympic games.
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Greek Art

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celebrates the athletic human figure.
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Archaic Period

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Naturalized anatomy had not yet been developed.
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Archaic Period

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Influenced by the Egyptians.
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Classical

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Human anatomy becomes naturalized.
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Hellenistic Age

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We find an increasingly animated and dramatic treatment of the figure.
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Hellenistic Age

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The form tends to take a more natural form.
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Roman Art

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considered Greek culture and art superior to any other.
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Roman Art

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Thousands of original Greek artworks were copied by them and much of what we know today about Greek art is because of their copies.
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Buddha

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Born as Siddhartha Gautama around 537 BCE.
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Buddha

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Known as “The Enlightened One”
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Buddha

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He achieved nirvana- the release from worldly desires that ends the cycle of death and reincarnation and begins a state of permanent bliss.
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Buddha

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By the fourth century, he was commonly represented in human form.
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Buddha

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Typically his head is oval, framed by halo. Atop his head is a mound symbolic of his spiritual wisdom.
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Buddha

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His demeanor is gentle, reposed, and meditative.
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Buddha

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His elongated ears refer to his royal origins.
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Mosaics

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An art form in which small pieces of tile, glass, or stone are fitted together and embedded in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors.
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Byzantine Mosaic

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Loss of individual identity, identical wide-open eyes, curved brows, and long noses.
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Byzantine Mosaic

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Feet turn outward. Disproportionately long and thin. Seem light and are motionless.
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Byzantine Mosaic

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All sense of drama has been removed.
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Byzantine Mosaic

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artists had little interest in naturalism. To create symbolic, mystical art.
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Islam / Muslim

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Like Christianity, they believe that human beings possess immortal souls and that they can live eternally in heaven if they surrender to Allah and accept him as the one and only God.
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Mosque

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In Islam, the place of worship.
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Mosque

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A place for men of the community to gather on Fridays to pray and listen to sermons delivered by Muhammad.
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Mosaic mihrab (niche in the wall of a mosque)

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(niche in the wall of a mosque)

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Mosaic mihrab three inscriptions from the Qur'an

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1. The outer frame is a description of the true duties of true believers and the heavenly rewards in store for those who build mosques.
2. Contains the Five Pillars of Islam, the duties every believer must perform, including at least once in a lifetime.
3. A reminder: “The mosque is the house of every pious person.”

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Tympanum

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The semicircular arch above the linter over a door, often decorated with sculpture.

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Tympanum

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Often showed Christ with his His Twelve Apostles or the Last Judgment, full of depictions of sinners suffering from the horrors of hellfire and damnation.
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Gothic

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A style of architecture and art dominant in Europe from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, characterized, in its architecture, by features such as pointed arches, flying buttresses, and verticality symbolic of the ethereal and heavenly.
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Gothic

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Light proclaimed the new style. Abbot Suger of St. Denis believed that light was the physical and material manifestation of Divine Spirit.
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Renaissance

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The period in Europe from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century characterized by a revival of interest in the arts and sciences that had been lost since antiquity.
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October / Renaissance

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Humans are casting shadows.
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October / Renaissance

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The architecture is rendered with some measure of perspectival accuracy.
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October / Renaissance

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The scene is full of realistic detail.
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October / Renaissance

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A sense of space.
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