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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the visual elements, or plastic elements, of art?
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Line, shape, light, value, color, texture, space, time, and motion.
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What makes up the language of art?
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Visual elements, design, style, form, and content.
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What is a line considered to be in art?
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More commonly defined as a moving dot.
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What is the measure of a line?
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Its length and width.
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What are the 4 types of lines?
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Actual, edge or contour, implied line, and directional line.
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Define: Actual line
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Lines that are connected and continuous.
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Define: Edge or contour line
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Created by the edges of things. Edges are perceived because the objects differ from the backgrounds in value. (i.e., Edward Weston's photograph "Knees")
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Define: Implied line
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Lines that are completed by the viewer. The viewer mentally fills in the connections. Alignment of shapes, edges, or mentally connected two or more focal points.
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Define: Directional line
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Lines that point. Anything longer than wide "points"--as red pocket watch and tree trunk/branches
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What is the function of a line?
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They function as the edge of a shape (to outline and shape), as well as creating depth and texture.
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What are the 4 specific functions of a line?
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1) create shape
2) create depth 3) create texture 4) create movement of depth (lines that move diagonally do this) |
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Define: Modeling
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Modeling on a two-dimensional surface is the creation of the illusion of roundness or three dimensions through the use of light and shadow. Shadows can be created by the use of dots and lines.
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Define: Stippling
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using a pattern of dots that thickens and thins. Areas where the dots are thicker and darker and create the illusion of being more shaded.
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Define: Hatching
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using a series of closely spaced parallel lines to achieve a similar effect. Areas in which lines are closer together appear to be more shaded.
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Define: Cross-hatching
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similar to hatching, but as the name implies, a series of lines run in different directions and cross one another.
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Define: Contour hatching
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contours can be created when hatching changes directions. (i.e., "Sharecropper" (1968) by Elizabeth Catlett. The face is carved by hatching that gives shape to the wells of the eyes, nose, lips, and chin.
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Define: Shape
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the areas within a composition that have boundaries that separate them from what surrounds them; shapes make these areas distinct. There are positive & negative shapes
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Give examples of positive and negative shapes:
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A doughnut is positive. The circle in the middle of the doughnut is negative. Positive and negative shapes are interchangeable: (i.e., "A Rubin Vase" the black is positive; white is negative; (visa versa)
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What are two types of shapes?
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Geometric (stop signs, circles, triangles, etc) & Organic (living--a tree, an animal, etc.
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Geometric shapes
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are simple--especially horizontal and vertical, create calm and order
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Organic shapes
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Expressive, creating motion & energy. They have a natural appearance--most are soft, curvilinear, and irregular..although some natural shapes, like crystals, are harsh and angular. Organic shapes are the same as biomorphic shapes.
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Define: Form
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often used to speak about shape in sculpture or architecture--three-dimensional works of art.
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Define: Volume
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refers to the mass or bulk of a three-dimensional work. The volume of a work is the amount of space it contains.
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Negative space in a sculpture
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VOID--reducing mass and the visual weight
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Define: Mass
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refers to the bulk of a three-dimensional work.
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Actual mass vs implied mass
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The Whiteread Memorial has actual mass because it occupies three-dimensional space and has measurable volume and weight. Objects that are depicted as three-dimensional on a two-dimensional surface (like a drawing or painting) have implied mass.
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Define: Amorphous shape
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A complicated shape not relatied to a plant or animal. (i.e., "Bay Side" by Helen Frankenthaler--she literally poured paint onto her canvas)
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Define: Value
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The lightness or darkness of a color or shape. (i.e., high contrast in Roy Lichtenshtein. Similar values in Roger Shimomura). It is determined by the amount of light reflected by the surface: the greater the amount is reflected, the lighter the surface.
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Define: Value contrast
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this refers to the degrees of difference between shades of gray. Drawing objects or figures with high value contrast make them easy to see, or "pop". (i.e., fade fast, is this easy to see signs)
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Define: Chiaroscuro
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A range of lights and darks. It is the gradual shifting from light to dark through a successive gradation of tones across a curved surface. This can give objects portrayed on a flat surface, a rounded, three-dimensional appearence. (i.e., "La Source"--naked lady sitting on bench, black and white)
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Define: Hue
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The visual wavelength of a color. The wavelength of light determines its color, or hue. (what color are you using in your crayon box)
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Define: Value of color
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like the value of any light, it is the degree of lightness and darkness
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Define: The Color Wheel
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Bends the colors of the visible spectrum into a circle. Yellow is the lightest color on the wheel, violet is the darkest.
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List the primary colors
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red, yellow, and blue
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List the secondary colors
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orange, violet, and green
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List the intermediate colors
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All hyphenated colors; mixing of primary and secondary colors. (i.e., blue-green, red-orange)
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What are "cool" colors?
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The colors on the green-blue side of the color wheel are considered "cool" in temperature
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What are "warm" colors?
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The colors on the yellow-orange-red side of the color wheel are considered "warm" in temperature.
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What is the saturation of a color?
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Refers to the pureness of a color. Pure hues have the greatest intensity, or brightness. The saturation, and hence intensity, decrease when another hue or black, gray, or white is added.
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Define: Tint
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adding white to something--"tinting"
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Define: Shading
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adding black to something--"shading"
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Additive colors
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have to do with mixing lights
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Subtractive colors
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have to do with mixing pigments
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Define: Intensity
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from bright to dull. Dullness, strength, saturation/saturated all are used to describe intensity.
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Define: Analogous colors
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Colors (hues) that are next to each other; adjacent or next to each other on the color wheel. They form families of color, such as yellow and orange, orange and red, and green and blue. Working around the wheel, the colors intermarry--such as blue with violet, and violet with red.
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Define: Complimentary colors
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Opposite colors on the color wheel; (i.e., red & green)--they appear jarring and discordant rather than harmonious.
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Define: Monochromatic colors
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Shades, tints, and reduced saturation of a single color.
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What colors advance and what colors cool?
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Warm colors advance, cool colors recede
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Define: Local color
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the color (hue) of an object as created by the colors its surface reflects under normal lighting conditions.
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Define: Optical Color
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defined as our perceptions of color, which can vary markedly with lighting conditions. (i.e., there is no green ink in textbook--it is an illusion)
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Define: Texture
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derives from the Latin word for "weaving"., and it is used to describe the surface character of woven fabrics and other materials as experienced primarily through the sense of touch.
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Examples of texture
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softness of skin and silk, the coarseness of rawhide and homespun cloth, the coolness of stone and tile, the warmth of wood.
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What are the 3 types of texture?
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Actual texture, visual texture, and abstract texture
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Define: Actual texture
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tactile. When you touch an object, your fingertips register sensations of its actual texture.
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Define: Visual texture
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Simulates reality in two-dimensions (i.e., doll with plastic over head. "Gift Wrapped Doll" by James Rosenquist). Creates the illusion of various textures in flat drawings and paintings.
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Define: Abstract texture
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also called subversive texture. They compel the viewer to look again at an object and to think about it more deeply--textures used to subvert or undermine our ideas about the objects they depict.
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Define: Trompe L'oeil
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"trick/fool the eye". (i.e., "Bowl of Chocolate Moose" by David Gilhooly and "Gift Wrapped Doll" by James Rosenquist)
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Define: Space
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Depth (front & back). 1) overlap 2) overlap and diminishing size 3) vertical placement 4) overlap, vertical placement, and diminishing size
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Define: Linear perspective
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parallel lines that recede into the distance meet at a vanishing point. 1-point and 2-point perspectives.
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Define: Overlapping
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What happens when nearby objects are placed in front of more distant object, they obscure part or all of the distant objects.
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Define: One-point perspective (isometric)
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Eye level/horizon line--parallel lines remain parallel, and converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon. (i.e., picture of the road with trees on right side)
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Define: Two-point perspective (atmospheric)
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Two sets of parallel lines converge at separate vanishing points on the horizon. (in this case, at 90 degree angles at a point). Things way out in the distance become colder (blue), lighter, and less intense.
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Define: Atmospheric perspective
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the illusion of depth is created by techniques such as texture gradients, color saturation, and the manipulation of warm and cool colors. A gradient is a progressive change
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Define: Texture gradient
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the effect of this relies on the fact that closer objects are perceived as having rougher or more detailed surfaces
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Define: Brightness gradient
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The effect of this is due to the lesser intensity of distant objects
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