Ars 201: Exam 1

Front 1

Prana

Back 1

Sanskrit
"Divine Breath" of physical/spiritual health in harmony

Front 2

Linga

Back 2

An-iconic representation of Shiva
Square bottom, octagonal middle, cylindrical top
No sexual connections

Front 3

Terracotta

Back 3

Low temperature fired clay
Orange color
More durable than regular clay

Front 4

Dravidian

Back 4

People of Harappan civilization
Dark skinned

Front 5

Aryan

Back 5

People that came over Caucus Mtns
Lighter skin
Took over at the end of Dravidians

Front 6

Veda

Back 6

Aryan's sacred literature
Written evidence of what happened/how society ended
Rig Veda (1500-1000 BCE, oldest religious text, 1st book of Vedas)
Upanishads (later)

Front 7

Asceticism

Back 7

Meditation, no eating, etc.
Practice of Ascetics

Front 8

Ascetics

Back 8

Holy man
Renounces everything worldly
Meditates constantly

Front 9

Dharma

Back 9

Teachings of the Buddha

Front 10

Siddhartha Gautama

Back 10

Another name for the Historical Buddha

Front 11

Karma

Back 11

What you put into the universe comes back to you

Front 12

Sutra

Back 12

Teaching/scripture

Front 13

Maya

Back 13

Mother of the Historical Buddha
Buddha born out of her side

Front 14

Samsara

Back 14

Cycle of birth, death, rebirth

Front 15

Parinirvana

Back 15

Depiction of the Buddha's death/entrance to nirvana

Front 16

Mara

Back 16

God of Chaos
Distracts ppl from reaching enlightenment
Sent army/daughter to distract Buddha from enlightenment

Front 17

Nirvana

Back 17

End of Samsara
Reaching of enlightenment
What you strive for in Buddhism "the Ultimate Place"

Front 18

Shakyamuni

Back 18

Another name for the Buddha

Front 19

Mandorla

Back 19

Circular thing depicted behind the Buddha's head
Almost like a halo
Shows importance

Front 20

Ushnisha

Back 20

Bump (looks like hair in a bun) on top of head
Shows importance
On the Buddha as well as deities

Front 21

Mudras

Back 21

Hand positions that mean several different things; meditation, preaching, etc.

Front 22

Urna

Back 22

Spot in the middle of the forehead
"Third eye"
Importance/deity

Front 23

Bodhi Tree

Back 23

Aniconic reference to the Buddha
Where Buddha sat when he reached enlightenment

Front 24

Jataka

Back 24

Story based on the Buddha's past lives

Front 25

Theravada

Back 25

Branch of Buddhism
Lesser vehicle/path
Salvation only through joining the monastic order/becoming a monk

Front 26

Arhat

Back 26

Monks who achieved enlightenment by following Buddha's teachings

Front 27

Maitraya

Back 27

Buddha of the Future

Front 28

Avalokitesvara

Back 28

Bodhisattva of compassion
Can hear any cry for help around the world
I.E. Help if drowning

Front 29

Mahayana

Back 29

Sect of Buddhism
Salvation possible for all beings, can come quickly
Must live well; don't have to be a monk
Bodhisattva is the ideal

Front 30

Bodhisattva

Back 30

Male/femal
Person dedicated to helping ppl become enlightened
Already reached enlightenment, stayed to help others

Front 31

Sanchi

Back 31

One of the largest Stupa's of Buddhism

Front 32

Karli

Back 32

Another large Stupa of Buddhism

Front 33

Amaravati

Back 33

Relief style of art, almost complete sculpture
Deep relief

Front 34

Ashoka

Back 34

1st King of Maurayan Dynasty
Unified Maurayan's
Militaristic until after a bad war, became very peaceful
Announced Buddhism as official religion

Front 35

Relic

Back 35

Remains/belongings of a holy person
Usually put in some sort of reliquary and worshipped

Front 36

Reliquary

Back 36

Box that hold relics of holy ppl

Front 37

Stupa

Back 37

Burial ground that hold relics of holy ppl in reliquarys
Places of worship

Front 38

Circumambulation

Back 38

Act of moving around a sacred object (Stupa)
Clockwise direction

Front 39

Chaitya [Hall]

Back 39

Holy place of worship

Front 40

Chaitya Form

Back 40

Horse shoe shaped

Front 41

Yaksha/Yakshi

Back 41

-a is male, -i is female
Local deities that are protectors of wealth, crops, fertility, etc.
Bring good fortune, serves Buddha

Front 42

Aniconic

Back 42

Using a symbol or something of the like to represent a person
Don't represent ppl as ppl

Front 43

Torana

Back 43

Gateway lining a stupa

Front 44

Tribhanga

Back 44

Triple bend pose (S Shape)
Hips/shoulders/arm curve

Front 45

Mithuna

Back 45

Loving couples depicted together
Emblems of fertility, growth, abundance, prosperity
Exaggerated hips/breasts on women
Very supple; prana

Front 46

Kanishka

Back 46

Great ruler of Kushan period
Sometimes referred to as "second Ashoka"
Ruled from 120-162 CE
Loved Buddhism

Front 47

Kushans

Back 47

People of the Kushan period

Front 48

Bamiyan

Back 48

Place of extremely large Buddha statues in valley of Afghanistan
Holy place of worship many pilgrimage to

Front 49

Bamiyan Buddha's

Back 49

Large Buddha statues that were blown up by the Taliban in 2001

Front 50

Iconoclasm

Back 50

Destruction of icons

Front 51

Taliban

Back 51

Government of Afghanistan
Blew up Bamiyan Buddhas

Front 52

Mathuran

Back 52

Red sandstone
Buddha image developed from Indian origins: yakshi/a figures and from Kushan ruler portraits
Eastern part of Kushan Empire

Front 53

Gandharan

Back 53

Western portion of Kushan Empire
Greco-Roman influences
Grey schist/stone

Front 54

Guptas

Back 54

People of Gupta period

Front 55

Ajanta Caves

Back 55

Large caves that were sculpted from top to bottom
Paintings inside
One of the largest cave complexes

Front 56

Apsaras

Back 56

Beings that accompany deities in portraits, etc.
Flying figures
Used to show/give respect to deities

Front 57

Vihara

Back 57

Monestary complex monks live in
Carved into the cave at Ajanta

Front 58

Nagaraja

Back 58

Nature spirit in charge of protecting water sources
Depicted with snakes
"Snake Prince"
Royalty

Front 59

Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro

Back 59

Indus Valley/Harappan Period
Used for ritual bathing/public area
Covered with bitamin (waterproof tar)

Front 60

High Priest of Mohenjo-daro

Back 60

Indus Valley/Harappan Period
7 inches tall
White steatite
Thought to represent high rank/caste because of jewelry on head
Trefoil design on clothing
Squinty eyes suggest meditation

Front 61

Seal with Deity Standing in a Pipal Tree and Large Ram

Back 61

Indus Valley/Harappan Period
Human figure, 3 faces for different directions
Seated nude, cross legged arms extended
Bull horns above head depict power & leadership
Pipal leaves are the holy tree leaves, connected to the Buddha

Front 62

Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-daro

Back 62

Indus Valley/Harappan Period
5.5 inches tall
Copper
Bangles up entire arm
Naturalstic/represents real live Dravidian facial features

Front 63

Lomas Rishi Cave Facade

Back 63

Mauryan Period
Mimics lotus petal, indicated holyness
Horse shoe shaped
Mimics wooden structure, although made of stone
Rounded long archway interior

Front 64

Lion Capital from Sarnath

Back 64

Mauryan Period
Capital = Rests on columns
3 lions based on an upside down lotus flower
Not religious statue
Flower references the Buddha
Over 7ft tall
Represents Church & state combined

Front 65

Yaksha from Parkham

Back 65

Mauryan Period
Represents local deities
Brings good fortunes
Serves Buddha
This one looks over a field of possibly crops or someone's home at one time

Front 66

Bharhut Stupa Railing and Torana

Back 66

Sunga Period
Torana is a gateway lining a Stupa
Destroyed for bricks
Railing & torana now in a museum
Relief sculpture that depict stories

Front 67

Great Monkey Jataka

Back 67

Sunga Period
Buddha's past life as Monkey King
Monkey's feed off Mango tree, best fruit they've ever had
Buddha as Monkey King tells the monkey's to not let them go downstream or hunters will get the fruit and destroy the tree
Happens on accident
Hunters come, monkey king makes a bridge for monkey's to swim across & sacrifices himself
Breaks back at the end from evil monkey

Front 68

Chaitya Hall at Bhaja

Back 68

Sunga Period
Pillars, wooden crossbeams
Simple design
Larger than most other caves
Large hallway with horseshoe shape at the end
Reliquary/relic at the end for ppl to worship

Front 69

Great Stupa at Sanchi

Back 69

Andhra Period
Made of brick & earth
Enlarged, renovated in 50-25 BCE
Torana, railing, second story added at renovation
Added complex for monk's to live
One of the largest most popular Stupa's for people to worship at

Front 70

Great Stupa at Sanchi East Torana

Back 70

Andhra Period
Intricately carved gates of relief sculpture
4 toranas, east most popular
3 parts, above entrance

Front 71

Yakshi, Great Stupa at Sanchi, East Torana

Back 71

Andhra Period
Represents beauty, sophistication
Enlarged breasts and hips
Freed from stone, 3 dimensional

Front 72

Facade of Chaitya Hall at Karli

Back 72

Andhra Period
Lots of detailed elaborate carvings
Lion column out front
Wooden like structures, made of stone

Front 73

Nave of Chaitya Hall at Karli

Back 73

Andhra Period
Interior: Pillars, upside down lotus flowers
Hallway has an alter at the end of the nave
Intricate columns
Elephant capitals: 4 figures

Front 74

The Great Departure

Back 74

Kushan Period
Depiction of Buddha giving up his worldly things & prince status of his family's palace to go learn about the world
Depicted on a horse, God's help to sneak him/carry him out

Front 75

Moment of Enlightenment

Back 75

Kushan Period
Buddha sitting under Bodhi Tree
Mara sends chaos to try & tempt him from enlightenment
Sends his demons & daughter

Front 76

Death of the Buddha Shakyamuni (Attributed to Mincho)

Back 76

Muromachi Period
Buddha dies and goes to nirvana
Parinirvana
"Disciples" sad that he is gone

Front 77

Tamamushi Shrine, "Hungry Tigress Jataka"

Back 77

Asuka Period
Buddha as a tiger master in past life
Bodhisattva in this story
Compassionate; Hungry tigress about to eat cubs so he gives his lives to save the tigress from eating her cubs

Front 78

Seated Maitreya

Back 78

6-7th Century Korea
Buddha of the future

Front 79

Western Pure Land

Back 79

China 685-715 CE
Amitabha (Buddha of infinite light) represented in center of painting
Talk to Amitabha if you want to go to "Western Land"
Sect of Buddhism where pure land is the primary object of devotion

Front 80

Standing Maitreya

Back 80

Kushan Period
Mathura style sculpture
Large halo around head, adapted from the Persians
Fleshy, supple, robust body of prana
Holding a flask of immortality

Front 81

Standing Buddha

Back 81

Kushan Period
Gandhara style sculpture
Grey stone, heavy Greco-Roman influence
Stylized curly hair
Flat nose, toga
Neutral facial expressions
Ushnisha more bun like

Front 82

Maya Giving Birth to the Buddha

Back 82

Kushan Period
Gandhara style sculpture
Shows Buddha coming out of the side
Faces more individualized
Maya depicted similar to a Yakshi
Deep relief

Front 83

Bamiyan Buddha's

Back 83

Kushan Period
Large Buddhist statues
Place of worship
In valley of Bamiyan hills in
Afghanistan
Blown up by Taliban

Front 84

Standing Mathuran Buddha

Back 84

Gupta Period
String-like drapery indicating folds
Halo enlarged/decorated
Calmness in the structure

Front 85

Buddha Preaching First Sermon from Sarnath

Back 85

Gupta Period
Mudra in sermon position
Large halo behind head
Yogic position
Seated on a wheel: deer figures because first speech given in Deer Park
Seated on lotus flower

Front 86

View of Facade of Cave 19 Ajanta

Back 86

Gupta Period
Huge cave complex
Buddhist caves earlier, more added at a later time
4 Chaitya Halls, 25 Viharas
Replicate wooden structures

Front 87

Cave 19 Chaitya Hall with Stupa at Ajanta

Back 87

Gupta Period
Intricately carved columns
Alter at the end

Front 88

Bodhisattva Padmapani Ajanta Cave 1

Back 88

Gupta period
Wall painting
Padmapani = Lotus in hand
Prepare plaster coating for wall to be paintable, then add limestone, outline, then paint
Downcast eyes, nose
Relates to lotus flowers
Shading to make it lifelike

Front 89

What did you learn at the art exhibit?

Back 89

Some artists had to have their own paper made for wood block prints to handle the amount of paint they used, etc.
Japanese "tabloids" first used the textbox