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13 Cards in this Set
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Characteristics of substances. Does a substance have an opposite/contrary? |
No, substances do not have contraries. (E.g. It does not make sense to talk about the opposite of frog.) Substances can admit contraries but one of their characteristics is that they persist through change while admitting those contraries. |
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Characteristics of substances. Does a substance admit of degrees? Where x is a substance term, does it make sense to talk of being more, or less, x? |
No, substances do not admit of degrees. If x = horse, then something cannot be more or less horse. |
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Characteristics of substances. Do substances undergo change? |
Yes, substances undergo change as they are the subjects of change. (E.g. If the subject is wood. Wood can be hot, cold or anywhere in between but wherever on that spectrum it is, it will still persist as wood.) |
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Being divided into Categories Aristotle says ‘being’ is “said in many ways”. What does it mean? |
Aristotle means that being is ambiguous. He sees being as having both a primary and a secondary sense. |
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Being divided into Categories What is the primary sense? |
The primary sense is substances. Substances are – they exist. (E.g. A horse is a being in the primary sense—it is a substance.) |
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Being divided into Categories What is the secondary sense? |
The beings in secondary senses are the qualities, quantities, etc, that belong to substances. They are appropriately related to things that are called ‘beings’ in the primary sense. (E.g. The colour white (a quality) is a being only because it qualifies some substance. It is dependent on a substance.) |
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Cambridge Change For Aristotle, only substances change. But, what of non-substances? Can they change? |
In a way, yes - Cambridge Change. Consider: “Purple has become popular.” But -Has purple itself changed? Or is it that people (substances) have changed their attitudes about colours? Cambridge Change: Change of predicate. Purple is unpopular at t1, but popular at t2. This does not entail a change in the object. |
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Parmenides’ Paradox of Generation What is Parmenides’ Paradox of Generation? |
Nothing comes to be or passes away. P1: Something can either come to be from what is or from what is not. P2: Something cannot come to be from what is, because it, therefore, already existed. P3: Something cannot come to be from what is not, because generation from nothing is impossible. C: Something cannot come to be from what is or from what is not. |
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Parmenides’ Paradox of Generation What is Aristotle's response to Parmenides’ Paradox of Generation? |
Aristotle rejects the Parmenidean dilemma “that something comes to be from what is OR from what is not” (191a30). Aristotle asserts that being and not being are not simples, but rather compounds. Therefore, he introduces the possibility of structural change between beings rather than is/is not transitions. |
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Aristotle's account of change. The three ingredients. 1... 2... 3... What is the first Ingredient of Change? |
A Subject, Take the sentence: "The bronze becomes a statue." The bronze is our subject. The Ingredients of change: Change requires a subject |
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Aristotle's account of change. The three ingredients. 1.Change requires a subject. 2... 3... What is the second principle of change? |
At least one contrary (a form), Take the sentence: "The bronze becomes a statue." statue is our form. The Ingredients of Change: Change requires at least one contrary(a form) |
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Aristotle's account of change. The three ingredients. 1. Change requires a subject 2. Change requires at least one contrary 3... What is the third Ingredient of Change? |
A privation of that contrary, In Physics, Book I, Chapter 5, Aristotle argues that change happens from contrary to contrary: “How could something come to be pale from being musical?” (188a35). Something comes to be pale from being dark. Take the sentence: "The bronze becomes a statue." The lack of shape of the bronze is our privation. Before the change it has a privation of shape/ statuesque shape. The Ingredients of change: Change requires Two Opposites. |
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We can describe the process of change in terms of: (1) What undergoes the change (2) What results from the change (3) What underlies the change Give examples of each. |
(1) A man becomes musical. (2) An unmusical man becomes a musical man. (3) An unmusical becomes musical. |
