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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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62.4 lb/cu ft |
What is the density of water? |
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150 lb/cu ft |
What is the density of reinforced concrete? |
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50 lb /ft from any direction min 200 lb of concentrated load min |
How much force should a hand rail be able to handle? |
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29000 ksi |
WHat is the modulus of elasticity of steel? |
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Amplification |
An increase in a building's response to earthquake ground motion, resulting from the building's period coinciding with that of the ground shaking, or other causes. |
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Pile Cap |
A thick, reinforced concrete slab placed over a group of piles and used to distribute the structural load to all the piles in the group. |
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Centroid |
The point in a cross-section where all of the area may be considered concentrated without affecting the moment of the area about any axis. For symmetrical shapes, the centroid is the geometric center of the shape. |
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P-delta effect |
the secondary effect on frame members produced by vertical loads acting on a building frame which is laterally displaced by earthquake loads. |
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Thrust |
The Horizontal reaction at the base of an arch. |
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Working Stress |
The maximum unit stress permissible in a structural member. It is also called allowable Stress. |
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Volume Factor |
A factor used to reduce the allowable bending stress for glued, laminated beams, based on width, depth, and span. |
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Coefficient of Friction |
The ratio of the maximum frictional force between two bodies to the normal (perpendicular) for pressing the surfaces together. |
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Coefficient of thermal Expansion |
The ratio of unit strain to temperature change, which is constant for a given Material. |
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Concentric Braced frame |
A braced frame in which the center lines of intersecting members meet at a point and who's members are therefore subjected primarily to axial forces. |
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size factor |
A factor used to reduce the allowable bending stress for wood beams deeper than 12 inches. |
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clay |
a fine-grained, cohesive, inorganic soil |
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focus |
The location in the earth's crust where rock slippage begins during an earthquake, also called hypocenter. |
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axial load |
A longitudinal load which acts at the centroid of a member and perpendicular to its cross-section, thereby producing uniform tensile or compressive stress without any bending. |
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cofferdam |
A watertight, temporary structure used under water, in which construction work can be performed. |
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stirrup |
A vertical steel bar, usually U - shaped, used to reinforce a reinforced concrete beam where the shear stresses are excessive. |
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drilled pile |
A vertical shaft drilled into the ground and filled with concrete, which supports building loads by skin friction. |
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Sands and Gravels
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What has these characteristics:
–low plasticity soil |
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Silt
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What has these characteristics:
–behaves as granular material, but can be slightly plastic –adequate for a foundation if tested to be stable, better mixed with other soils |
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Clay
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What has these characteristics:
–cohesive (has tensile strength) -soil–plastic when wet –unpredictable, swells when wet |
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Hardpan
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Unbroken mixture of clay, sand, and gravel; good for foundations
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Shale, Slate
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Soft rock; second–highest bearing capacity
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Grain Size & Shape .
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In a soil test, (___________) determines:
shear strength, permeability, compaction ability of granular soil |
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Liquid and Plastic Limits
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In a soil test, (______________) determines:
compaction and compressibility values for cohesive soil |
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Specific Gravity
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In a soil test, (_____________) determines:
void ratio (and therefore compressibility) of the soil |
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Unconfined Compression
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In a soil test, (______) this value helps measure:
shear strength for cohesive soil |
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Water Content
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In a soil test, (_______) this value is used to get:
compressibility and compaction values for cohesive soil |
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Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
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Classifying soils. In this system, the soils are primarily classed as: Coarse–Grained (gravels and sands), Fine–Grained (silts and clays) Highly Organic
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Drainage
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Soil treatment method that can increase the strength of the soil and prevent hydro–static pressure.
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Compaction
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Soil treatment method used to achieve 90–100% of the optimum Proctor Density and 2–4% of the optimum Moisture Contact.
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Densification
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A type of on–site compaction, using a variety of techniques such as vibration, dropping of heavy weights, or pounding piles into the ground to fill the voids with sand
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Slip Form
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This formwork moves as the concrete cures and is used to form continuous surfaces such as tunnels and high–rise building cores.
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Flying Form
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This is a large fabricated section of framework which can be removed and reused in forming an identical section above.
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Rebar Grades
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This indicates the Yield strength in kips per square inch of rebar; most common are 40 and 60.
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Welded Wire Fabric
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Consists of cold–drawn steel wires in a 4"–6" square pattern; used for temperature reinforcement in slabs.
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Standard/Normal Cement
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Type I (1) cement; used for most general construction.
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Modified Cements
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Type II (2) cement; used in places where the heat of hydration needs to be controlled (ex: dams or other massive structures)
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High Early Strength Cement
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Type III (3) cement; used where a quick set or a higher heat of hydration (suitable for cold weather)
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Low Heat Cement
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Type IV (4) cement; used in massive structures to minimize cracking and very slow setting
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Sulfate Resisting Cement
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Type V (5) cement; used for structures that will be exposed to water or soil with a high alkaline content.
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Laitance
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A chalky surface deposit of low–strength concrete, which must be removed before pouring additional concrete in order for it to bond properly.
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Design Strength
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The compressive strength of concrete after it has cured and hardened 28 days.
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Air Entraining Agent
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Admixture that forms tiny bubbles in the concrete to increase workability and durability of concrete, while improving its resistance to freeze/thaw cycles.
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Accelerator
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Admixture that speeds up the hydration of the cement, helping the concrete achieve its strength faster.
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Plasticizer
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Admixture that reduces the amount of water needed to maintain the required consistency for placement of the concrete, allowing higher strength.
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Retarder
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Admixture that slows down the setting time to help reduce the heat of hydration.
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Slump Test
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On–site test which measures the consistency and workability of concrete.
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Cylinder Test
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Concrete test which measures compressive strength by subjecting a standard cylinder of hardened concrete to compression in a testing machine.
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Core Cylinder Test
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Concrete test used to test the compressive strength of concrete after a portion of the structure is already in place and cured.
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Honeycombing
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The formation of airpockets within the concrete.
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Strike Off
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First step in the process of finishing a concrete slab, in which a straightedge is drawn across the forms to give the concrete a roughly level surface.
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Mortar
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A mixture of cement, lime, sand, and water.
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M, S, N, and O
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Four basic types of mortar, each with a different proportion of cement, lime, and aggregate, and a different compressive strength
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Standard Brick Size
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3–5/8" x 7–5/8" x 2–1/4"
3 courses = 8" |
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Wrought Iron
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Iron with low carbon content (less than .3%) and a substantial amount of slag.
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Cast Iron
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iron with a carbon content above 2%, making it very hard and brittle
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softwood
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Wood from coniferous trees (cone–bearing), such as:
Cedars |
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hardwood
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wood from deciduous trees, such as:
oak walnut maple |
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yard lumber
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a class of softwood lumber used for structural purposes and rough framing
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dry lumber
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the moisture content cannot exceed 19%
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kiln dry lumber
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the moisture content cannot exceed 15%
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Batter boards
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temporary supports erected to hold wires or strings that indicate the excavation line for a building site. Preferred to corner stakes or pins because they are set back from excavation line
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Friable
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Soil that is easily crumbled or reduced to powder.
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California bearing ratio (CBR)
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A ratio used to determine the bearing capacity of a soil based on a standard test.
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Hardness
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Metal Properties:
A metal's resistance to abrasion and penetration. |
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K–Value
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The thermal conductivity of a material.
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Plastic Limit
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The moisture content at which a soil starts to change from a semisolid to a plastic state.
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Steel
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An Alloy of Iron and Carbon, with a carbon content between .1 and 1.7 percent (more than that of wrought iron and less than that of cast iron.)
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Bar Chair
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A device used to support reinforcing bars during the placing of concrete
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Fiber saturation point
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The moisture content (about 30%) above which there is no shrinkage or swelling of wood with variation in moisture content.
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Toughness
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Metal Properties:
A metal's ability to withstand shock or impact. |
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Atterberg Limits
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the arbitrary limits which define the boundaries between the different states of rigidity or fluidity of fine grained soils.
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Grubbing
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The removal from a site of unwanted roots, stumps, and so on during excavation
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Dry Pack
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to pack a damp concrete mixture into a confined space.
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curing
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Maintaining concrete at the proper moisture and temperature after it is cast
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Differential Settlement
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unequal settlement of the various parts of a building which may cause excessive stresses in the structural frame or tilting of the building.
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arc welding
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Usual welding process used in building construction
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structural steel
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A medium carbon steel, rolled in a variety of shapes and sizes for use as a load bearing structural members.
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Bow
Crook Twist Diamond Cup |
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Different types of deformations in wood
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Billet Bars
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The most commonly used reinforcing steel. Though the following processes:
Open hearth Electric Furnace Acid–Bessemer process |
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wellpoint
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A hollow rod with a perforated intake, which is driven into the ground and connected to a header, from which water is pumped out of an excavation.
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kelly ball test
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A test to determine the workability of fresh concrete
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Seasoning
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Removing moisture from green wood to improve its serviceability
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Sheet Piling
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A barrier formed by a series of piles place next to each other to retain soil or keep an excavation dry
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Workability
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the ease with which concrete can be placed and consolidated in the forms.
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Gravel
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Coarse granular material, with particles varying from 3 inches to 3/16"
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Core Test
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A compression test of hardened concrete that has been cut from the structure
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normal weight concrete
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concrete made with standard aggregates, usually weighing about 150 pounds per cubic foot.
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proctor test
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test to determine the optimum moisture content and density for a soil
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balloon framing
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A method of framing wood stud walls, in which the studs are continuous for the full height of the building usually two stories
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calcium chloride
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The most common accelerating admixture used for concrete. it can be used safely in amounts up to 2 percent of the portland cement weight.
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Ferrous Metal
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A metal in which iron is the principal ingredient.
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Impact hammer test
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A nondestructive test to determine the strength of hardened concrete, but measuring the rebound of a plunger after striking the concrete surface. This test is not accurate enough to be a substitute for standard compression tests.
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nonferrous metal
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A metal containing no iron, such as aluminum, copper or lead
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asphaltic concrete
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A mixture of asphaltic cement and aggregates, used as a paving material which is spread and rolled while hot.
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Perlite
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A lightweight volcanic rock used as an aggregate in lightweight concrete or plaster.
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seismic separation |
The separation between two adjoining buildings, or parts of the same buildings, to permit these adjoining elements to move independently when earthquake occurs. (building separation) |
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wind bent |
a frame use to resist lateral forces from wind. |
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ca and cv |
Seismic coefficients based on the buildings seismic zone factor and soil type. |
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fault |
The boundary between adjacent rock plates along which movement may take place during an earthquake. |
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drag strut |
a member which collects seismic load from the diaphragm to which it is attached and delivers it to a shear resisting element. also called a collector or strut. |
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stagnation pressure (qs) |
the direct wind pressure on a vertical surface in pounds per square foot |
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Static lateral force procedure |
A method of seismic design in which static horizontal forces which produce internal forces similar to those that would be induced by an actual earthquake motion are applied to a structure. |
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pounding |
the collision between two adjacent buildings which move differently during an earthquake. |
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yield point |
the unit stress at which a material deforms with no increase in load. |
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tubular system |
a structural system used in tall buildings, consisting of closely spaced columns at the perimeter connected by deep spandrel beams, which acts as a tube which cantilevers from the ground when subject to lateral wind or earthquake loads. |
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modulus of elasticity (e) |
within the elastic limit, the constant ratio of the unit stress in a material to corresponding unit strain. the modulus of elasticity of a material is a measure of its stiffness. |
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ultrasonic testing |
nondestructive testing of welded joints using high frequency sound waves |
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positive moment |
compression on the top tension on the bottom |
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combined footing |
footing supporting two or more columns. |
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expansive soil |
A fine grained cohesive soil which undergoes large volume changes with changes in moisture content. |
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Friction pile |
A pile whose load is supported by friction between the pile surface and the surrounding soil |
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stiffness or Rigidity |
Resistance to deformation |
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Tapered girder |
A plate girder having a tapered profile, usually varying from minimum depth at the supports to maximum depth at midspan. |
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Engineering news formula |
A dynamic formula used to determine the capacity of driven piles |
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Cluster |
A croup of piles. |
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Equilibrant |
A force equal in magnitude to the resultant, but opposite in direction and on the same line of action as the resultant. |
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Response spectrum |
A curve which shows the maximum acceleration of a series of idealized structures when subject to an earthquake. |
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Seismicity |
A measure of the frequency, intensity, and distribution of earthquakes in a given area. |
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dynamic lateral force procedure |
A method of determining earthquake forces in which a mathematical model of the structure is developed and then subjected to appropriate ground motions. This procedure is always acceptable for design. |
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two way concrete slab |
A concrete slab in which the main reinforcement runs in two directions, generally perpendicular to each other. |
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method 1 (normal force method) |
A wind design method in which the wind pressures are assumed to act simultaneously normal (perpendicular to all exterior surfaces. |
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Broom |
To crush and spread the head of a wood pile by driving with a hammer. |
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Jetting |
A method of placing piles using high - pressure water jets. |
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Trowel finish |
A smooth dense concrete surface, produced by steel troweling after the concrete has partially hardened. |
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Damping |
the decrease of vibration caused by the absorption of energy. |
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Vault |
A series of arches placed side by side to form a continuous structure. |
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Intensity |
The effects of an earthquake on people and structures at a particular place, as measured by the modified Mercalli scale. Intensity refers to an earthquake's effects, while magnitude refers to an earthquakes energy. |
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chevron bracing |
A type of diagonal bracing in which one end of each brace frames into a beam/column joint and the other end frames into a beam. V bracing. |
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Eccentric braced frame |
A braced frame in which at least one end of each brace is eccentric to the beam-column joint or the opposing brace. |
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curvature factor |
A factor used to modify the allowable unit stress in bending for the curved portion of glued laminated members. |
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Force plygon |
a diagram used to graphically determine the resultant of two or more forces. |
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Plate girder |
An assembly of steel plates, or plates and angles, which are fastened together to form an integral member. |
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Maxwell diagram |
the stress diagram used in the graphical solution of a truss, which consists of the combined force polygons for all the truss joints. |
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Active Pressure |
The pressure exerted by retained earth against a retaining wall. |
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Joist Girder |
A shop fabricated steel truss that supports evenly spaced steel joists along its top chord. |
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Torsion |
The rotation caused in a diaphragm by lateral load from wind or earthquake, when the center of mass does not coincide with the center of rigidity. effects are most significant in unsymmetrical buildings. |
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Moment of inertia |
The sum of the products obtained by multiplying each unit of area by the square of its distance to the neutral axis. is a measure of its stiffness, or resistance to deflection. |
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Ultimate load factor (u) |
factor used to increase loads, shears and moments to their ultimate values in reinforced concrete design |
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slenderness ratio |
the ratio l/r or Kl/r used in column design where l is the length, r is the radius of gyration, and K is an effective length factor. |
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importance factor (i) |
A factor used in earthquake and wind design, whose value varies between 1.0 and 1.5. it provides that certain essential facilities such as hospitals and fire and police stations, be designed for seismic and wind foces greater than normal. |
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Compressive reinforcement |
Reinforcing steel embedded in the compression face of a reinforced concrete beam. |
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Stress |
In internal force in a body which resists an external force. |
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Exposure |
In wind design, the nature of the terrain at a given site, varying from B (the least severe exposure) to D (the most severe exposure) |
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Weak story |
A story whose strength is less than 80 percent of the story above. |
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Period (t) or Fundamental period of vibration (t) or natural period |
The time it takes for a structure to go through one complete back and forth motion under the action of dynamic loads. |
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Purlin |
A regularly spaced roof beam which spans between girders or trusses. |
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Section Modulus (s) |
Teh ratio of the moment of inertia of a beam (i) to the distance from its neutral axis to the most remote member (c). s= I/c. Measure of its ability to resist bending moment. |
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radiographic inspection |
nondestructive testing of welded joints using x-rays and gamma rays |
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isoseismals |
map contours connecting points of equal intensity for a given earthquake. |
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Chord |
a perimeter member of a truss |
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accelerograph |
A seismological instrument which is normally inoperative, but becomes activated when subject to strong earth motion, records the earth motion, and then shuts off. |
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horizontal bracing system |
A horizontal truss system which distributes lateral forces, caused by wind or earthquake, to the vertical resisting elements. |
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strength reduction factor |
A factor used to reduce the capacity of reinforced concrete members to account for possible variations in quality control. |
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split ring |
A high strength timber connector used in wood to wood joints |
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Angle of repose |
The steepest angle with the horizontal at which a pile of loose earth will stand without sliding. |
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Strap footing or cantilevered footing |
Exterior column footing joined by a concrete beam to an interior column footing. |
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ledger |
horizontal member for supporting joists |
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tied column |
A reinforced concrete column usually square or rectangular, containing longitudinal reinforcing bars and separate lateral ties. |
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meridian |
A curved line on the surface of a dome, usually circular, which is formed by the intersection of vertical plane with the dome, when the plane passes through the top of the dome. |
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creep |
continued deformation of structural member with time, with no increase of load |
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gravity wall |
a retaining wall which depends entirely on its own weight to resist the pressure of the retained earth and provide stability. |
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pile load test |
A test to verify or determine the allowable pile loads used in design. |
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negative moment |
tension on top compression on bottom |
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vierendeel truss |
a truss with no diagonals |
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Stub Girder system |
A steel framing system in which beams sit on top of a girder and short lengths of stub girders the same depth as the floor beams are welded to the top of the girder to provide for composite action. |
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eccentric load |
A longitudinal load which acts at a distance from a member's centroid, thereby producing bending moment in addition to axial stress. |
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strain |
= deformation |
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turn of net method |
a method used to provide the bolt tension specified for high strength bolts, in which the bolts are first brought to a snug tight conditions and tightened additionally by a specified amount of not rotation. |
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folded plate |
A structural roof system consisting of inclined planes which support each other and function as deep beams. |
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point of inflection |
a point in a beam where the bending moment changes sign and has a value of zero. |
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Euler's equation |
a basic equation which applies to all columns and gives the maximum stress a slender column can resist without failing by sudden buckling. |
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Working or allowable stress |
used up till 1960s for reinforced concrete design. |
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effective depth (d) |
In reinforced concrete design, the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement |
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factor of safety |
the ratio of the ultimate strength of a material to its working stress. |
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CQ |
In wind design, a pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of the structure under consideration. |
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catenary |
The curve assumed by a cable hung between two supports when the only load acting on it is its own weight. |
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Lift Slab |
A flat plate cast at grade around columns and then lifted to position with hydraulic jacks |
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Slip critical connection |
A structural steel connection using high strength bolts in which no slip can occur |
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Tremie |
A pipe for placing concrete under water. |
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Hooke's Law |
The physical law that states that up to a certain unit stress, called the elastic limit, unit stress is directly proportional to unit strain |
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Fastest mile speed |
The highest sustained average wind speed, based on the time required for a mile - long sample of air to pass a fixed joint. |
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Cantilever wall |
A retaining wall in which the stem heel and toe act as cantilever slabs |
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counter-fort wall or buttress retaining wall |
A retaining wall in which the stem and base are connected at intervals by transverse walls called counterforts |
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RW or R |
A numerical coefficient used in seismic design which depends on the type of lateral force resisting system used. |
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CE |
The combined height, exposure, and gust factor used in wind design |
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Soft story |
A story whose lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above. |
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Method 2 (projected area method) |
A wind design method in which the horizontal pressures are assumed to act on the full vertical projected areas of the structures, and the vertical pressures are assumed to act simultaneously on the full horizontal projected areas. |
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Fillet weld |
A weld placed in the right angle formed by lapping or intersecting plates and generally subject to shear stress |
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gabled frame |
A frame consisting of two columns and two inclined beams which meet at the ridge, in which the joint between each column and beam is rigid. |
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raymond pile |
A type of pile consisting of a tapered steel shell which is driven into the ground using a mandrel and then filled with concrete after the mandrel is removed. |
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triangular distribution |
assumed distribution of earthquake forces to various levels of a structure |
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poisson's ratio |
The ratio of lateral unit strain to the longitudinal unit strain, when a member is subject to a uniform longitudinal stress. for steel the value of poisson's ratio is about 1/4. |
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seismic isolation & base isolation |
A method of isolating a structure from the ground by specifically designed bearings and dampers |
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Framing anchor |
A metal device used for connection members in wood frame construction. |
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basic wind speed |
The fastest mile wind speed which has a 2 percent probability of occurring in any one year measured at a point 33 ft (10 meters) above ground. |
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Space Frame |
a series of trusses which intersect in a consistent grid pattern and are rigidly connected at their points of intersection. |
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modulus of rapture |
replacing a force with two or more other forces (components) which will produce the same effect on a body as the original force. |
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radius of gyration (r) |
A term used in column design equal to the square rood of l/a where i is the moment of inertia of a member and a is its cross sectional area |
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Hypocenter |
The location in the earth's crust where rock slippage begins during an earthquake called the focus. |
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Bearing-type connection |
A structural steel connection using high-strength bolts, in which some slip can occur and bearing stresses are considered. |
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Concurrent |
Describing the condition when the lines of action of several forces pass through a common point. |
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Anemometer |
A device used to measure wind speed |
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T beam |
A reinforced concrete beam consisting of a portion of the slab and the integrally construed beam, which act together |
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Inertia |
The physical property which causes the superstructure of a building to remain in its original position while the base is moved by an earthquake's ground motion. |
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Diaphragm cord |
The boundary element of a diaphragm or shear wall which is assumed to resist axial stresses analogous to the flange of a beam. |
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