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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How should acronyms be presented in a scientific style paper?
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First written long-form, with acronym in parentheses, and acronym used thereafter.
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What should the writer define in a scientific style paper?
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jargon
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What two factors are important in primate social grouping?
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Group size
Composition |
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What is the name of the group to which a primate is born?
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Natal group
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What defines how primates move between groups?
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Dispersal pattern
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What is the main principle behind primate group living?
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maximizing reproductive success
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What are two benefits for female primates to live in groups?
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Reliable food
Safe environment for young |
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What is the main benefit for male primates to live in groups?
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Maximum mating opportunities
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What are five general benefits to primate group living?
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Protection from predators
Resource acquisition and defence Access to mates Communal child rearing and reduced infanticide Observational learning |
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Why does group living protect against predators? (2)
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Safety in numbers with increased predator pressure (terrestrial groups have greater populations).
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Why does group living enhance resource acquisition and defence? (4)
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Efficiency competition (groups better at finding food and signalling have increased intragroup competition - death of lower ranks)
Territoriality (protect resources) Agonistic behaviours (toward non-group members) Economic viability of resource defence (primates do cost-benefit analysis) |
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How does group living provide access to mates for males?
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monitor females, monopolize access |
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How does group living assist in child rearing and protect against infanticide?
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Communal child-rearing and confused paternity
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How does group living enhance observational learning?
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Reduces "reinvention"
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What is a risk to learning that comes from group living?
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Death of mother = reduced survivability of infant
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What are the 7 types of primate social groups?
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solitary foragers
1 male--1 female/pair group 1 male--multi-female group multi-male--multi-female group fission-fusion group complex, multi-level group 1 female--multi-male group |
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What are 3 factors that determine primate group size?
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Time of activity (nocturnal v. diurnal)
Mobility (arboreal or terrestrial) Diet |
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What social grouping is this?
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solitary foragers
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How do infant solitary foragers travel?
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Carried by mother or parked.
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What social grouping is this?
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1 male-1 female (pair group)
a.k.a. monogamy could be a social pair could be a sexual pair |
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What is it called when male and female primates have different coloured fur?
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sexual dichromatism
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What kind of social grouping exhibits sexual dichromatism?
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1 male-1 female pair groups
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What social grouping is this?
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1 male--multi-female group (polygyny)
a.k.a. "harem" |
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What social grouping is this?
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Multi-male--multi-female (polygyny)
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What social grouping is this?
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Fission-fusion
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What social grouping is this?
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Complex, multi-levelled group
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What is the smallest unit in complex, multi-levelled groups?
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One male units (OMUs)
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What are groups of dominant, related males called in complex, multi-levelled groups?
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Clans
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What are groups of dominant, unrelated males called in complex, multi-levelled groups?
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Teams
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When clans and teams join, what is the combined group called?
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Band
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When several bands join, what is the combined group called?
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Herd
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What social grouping is this?
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1 female--multi-male group (polyandry)
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What kinds of primates are solitary foragers?
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Nocturnal prosimians and Orangutans
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What kinds of primates live in pair bonds?
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Gibbons, some monkeys, one tarsier species
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What kinds of primates live in 1 male--multi-female groups?
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Gorillas, lemurs, and some monkeys
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In what kind of social grouping do Japanese Macaques live?
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Multi-male--multi-female groups
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In what kind of social group do chimpanzees live?
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Fission-fusion groups.
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In what kind of social group do baboons live?
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Complex, multi-levelled groups
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In what kind of social group do pygmy marmosets live?
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1 female--multi-male groups
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Which two frameworks are used to study the behaviour of wild primates?
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Behavioural/Socio-ecology
Socio-biology |
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What are 3 influences to primate interaction?
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Group composition/size
Dispersal pattern Mating strategy |
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What kinds of kin relationships do primates have? (5)
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Parent-child
Grandparent-child Aunt/Uncle-child Siblings (half-) Cousins |
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What are 6 non-kin relationships?
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Friends
Allies Social pair bonds Sexual pair bonds Consort relationships Enemies |
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What 6 important factors of social relationships do adult primates know?
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Group composition
Neighbouring group composition Kinship ties Friendships Allies Hierarchical ranks |
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What model is used to describe primate strategies to negotiate conflict?
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de Waal's (1996, 2000) Relational Model
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What does de Waal's Relational Model include? (3)
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Tolerance
Avoidance Confrontation |
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What is important in order to avoid social tension in primate groups?
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Reconciliation
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What is important in order to avoid aggression in primate groups?
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Submission
Interaction rituals |
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What are three reasons for affiliative primate physical contact?
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diffuse group tensions
reinforce social bonds enhance group stability |
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What is a primary method of primate affiliative physical contact?
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Grooming
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What are 5 methods of affiliative primate physical contact, besides grooming?
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hand-holding
hugging kissing touching sexual contact |
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Of what might food sharing be a sign, in primates?
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Altruism
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What is the altruism conundrum?
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Decrease to physical fitness (and genes passing on)
Darwinian: natural selection can only favour altruism in relatives (closer kin = increased altruism) Reciprocity is expected (or relationship ends) Non-reciprocal altruism is rare |
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What might the purpose be for greeting behaviours?
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controls conflict (anti-aggression)
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What are 2 methods that primates might test bonds?
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hand-clasp grooming (chimps)
nose poking (capuchins) |
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How is dominance organized in primate society?
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Rank
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How is rank displayed in primate society?
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phenotypic cues
displacements submissive vocalizations/expressions aggression when lower ranked fails to acquiesce |
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What is the benefit of ranked society?
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Higher reproductive success
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What 7 factors may influence changes in rank?
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Sex
Age Aggression Time in group Intelligence Motivation Mother's social position |
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In mixed-sex groups, how does dominance influence males and females?
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Males can be dominant to females
Males and females can have separate dominance heirarchies |
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How do juveniles learn their social position?
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By observing mother's behaviour
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How might juveniles acquire social rank, besides from their mothers?
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By play with peers
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In ranked matrilines or matriarchies, how do females gain rank?
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Daughters inherit from mothers
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In ranked matrilines or matriarchies, how does migration happen?
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Males and low-ranking females migrate
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Why aren't leaf eating monkeys, who are territorial and matrifocal, not ranked matrilines?
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Folivorous food lacks scarcity and can't be monopolized.
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What are the two major life problems faced by male primates?
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Finding a group
Gaining sexual access to fertile females |
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How might coalitions influence former group dominance?
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displacement of group leaders
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What are 3 hypotheses to explain reasons for infanticide?
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sexual selection hypothesis
social pathological hypothesis general aggression (epiphenomenon) hypothesis |
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What is sexual selection hypothesis?
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Most supportive hypothesis that explains infanticide.
Behaviour maximizes reproductive success at individual level. Males don't kill own offspring. Infanticidal males mate with mother of killed infant |
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What is social pathological hypothesis?
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Infanticide is due to stress and lack of resources
H/e, no correlation b/t environment and infanticide |
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What is general aggression (epiphenomenon) hypothesis?
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Infanticide is due to infants getting in the way of male aggression
H/e, infants see specific targeting by males. |
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What has infanticide been linked to, which may benefit male primates?
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Changes in male membership and status (check notes)
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What 5 female strategies do female priates use to prevent infanticide?
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dominance/co-dominance;
co-operate to outcompete males; promiscuous mating (confuse paternity); friendships with males for protection; for strong bonds with dominant male |
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What is behaviour?
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Action in response to internal/external stimuli
May not be deliberate or conscious |
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From what does the behavioural/socio-ecological framework assume behaviour roots?
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natural environment & traits of species enable daily survival
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From what does the socio-biological framework assume behaviour roots?
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genetic predisposition enhances reproductive success
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Is all behaviour learned? Why?
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No. Environment and genes important.
Behaviour gene" unknown. |
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What is the primate pattern for group composition and size?
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No pattern but not random.
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What is the natal group?
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Social core and centre of interaction and kinship
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What are three primate mating strategies?
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Promiscuity
Synchronicity Agonistic interactions |
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How do synchronous females affect promiscuity?
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When females are synchronised, one male can't gain sexual monopolies over all the females, and promiscuity is more likely as other males mate with available females.
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What percent of time do primates spend on social interaction?
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5-15%
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What activity will primates reduce before they reduce social time?
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None
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Why are relationships between mothers and infants vital for social relations in general?
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Mother is key to socializing young primates to society.
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What are consorts?
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"Friends with benefits"
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How common is primate confrontation?
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It's a "last resort": costly; affects group stability.
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What are 3 types of reconciliation behaviours?
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Mutual grooming
Sexual contact (Bonobos) Vocalizations (appeasement behaviours) |
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During male greeting behaviours, what is more likely to mean honest intentions of actors?
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More costly signals.
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Why do primates groom each other?
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Remove dirt, dead skin, parasites
Releases endorphins Receive pleasure; reciprocity |
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What is altruism?
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behaviours that benefit another individual with risks/costs to self or other.
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Why is aggression shown in primates?
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Response to conflict
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Why do primates show aggression and how do primates respond to aggression? (3)
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Signals and displays
Submission and appeasement to ease tensions Threats usually end conflict but fights occur. |
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Why is dominance important in primates?
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Reinforces group integrity
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What are dominance heirarchies and why are they important? (4)
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Measured by access to resources
Males increase access to mates Females increase access to resources Centre of group |
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How can a female primate temporarily raise her status in the group?
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Give birth to and raise infant
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How might a female primate rise through the ranks?
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Give birth consistently (reproductive success)
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When do ranked matrilines/matriarchies occur in primate society?
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When resources are potentially rich and monopolized in group.
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Why do "the rich get richer" in primate society?
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Increased status from birth increases resources, which maintains high status
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How do pubescent male primates gain access to new groups?
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Introduced by brothers or by female sponsorship
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Why do coalitions displace group leaders?
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Intergroup coalitions between half-brothers result in rebellion
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When does infanticide occur?
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When peripheral males attack and take over group
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How does primatology influence the evolutionary debate about the origins of language?
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Whether language is "human" or inherited. It is both.
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What is the definition of language?
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Debated (Uniqueness Theory v. Continuity Theory)
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What is Uniqueness Theory?
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Proposed by Chomsky, argues that while humans share basic communication with primates, the human brain structure and gene mutations make language a uniquely Homo trait with natural selection.
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What is Continuity Theory?
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Differences in non-human primate and human communication and language is a matter of degree (Primatologist theory).
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What are 4 methods for studying primate language?
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Training apes in human language;
Studying natural vocalizations; Studying cognitive abilities; Recording vocalizations & analyzing spectrograms |
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What are two broad categories of communication?
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Intentional
Unintentional |
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What are 3 examples of unintentional communication?
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Blushing, dilated pupils, head tossing (attraction, especially in females)
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How is communication different between nocturnal and diurnal primates?
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Nocturnal - use of chemicals (olfactory)
Diurnal - vocal and visual |
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What primates use scent to communicate?
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Mostly strepsirhines; some new world monkeys
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How do primates physically use scent to communicate?
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Glands, urine washing
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What are the advantages of olfactory communication? (3)
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Works with decreased visibility at night
Doesn't attract predators Long-lasting |
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What are 3 types of visual communication in primates?
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Body posturing;
Facial expressions; Skin/pelage colour |
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What are 3 requirements for visual communication?
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Good visual field;
Basic acuity skills (recognize features); Close proximity |
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What is the purpose of visual communication?
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To attract or repel others for dominance interactions
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What is it called when primates' fur raises to make their bodies appear larger?
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Piloerection
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What is the most basic requirement for primate facial expression? (2)
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Anatomy: nerves and motor control of muscles
Decreased facial hair for increased visibility |
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Which primates are the least and most likely to display facial expression?
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Strepsirhines least; haplorhines medium; apes most
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What other form of communication is linked to facial expression?
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vocalizations
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Do primate groups all display the same set of facial expressions?
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To a point. Each primate has a repertoire of faces and there are individual idiosyncrasies.
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What are the only two primates which do not identify prolonged eye contact as aggressive?
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humans and chimpanzees
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How could skin colour communicate visually?
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Estrus
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How could pelage colour communicate visually? (2)
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Differentiates between:
Male v. female Adult v. infant |
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What primates engage in gesturing?
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Only apes (Bonobos most)
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What are 2 types of tactile communication?
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Friendly (grooming, hugging, touching)
Aggressive (hitting) |
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What 4 things can territorial vocalizations signal?
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Caller's location;
Boundary/Home range; How many defenders there are; Others' willingness to defend |
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When are territorial vocalizations mostly made?
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A.M.
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Which primates in a group engage in territorial vocalizations?
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All, but mostly male
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What are 7 types of social vocalizations?
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Grunts;
Duets (male-female pair bonds); Intra-party calls; Distance; Initiate forage movement or change direction; Excitement (over food); Alarm (different for different predators) |
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What is located in the left frontal lobe with relation to speech?
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Broca's area
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With what is the Broca's associated?
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Production and formulation of spoken language
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What is located at the left temporal lobe, which is the largest in the brain region with relation to speech?
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Wernicke's area
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With what is the Wenicke's area associated?
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Comprehension
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What is on the left temporal lobe, occupying a smaller region with relation to speech?
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Primary auditory cortex
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With what is the Primary Auditory Cortex associated?
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Understanding what is heard
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With what is the motor cortex associated, with relation to speech?
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Control of muscle movement, including facial (used to produce sound).
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Which brain system controls most non-human primate vocalizations?
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Limbic
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What is the limbic system?
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Part of emotional centre, controls survival responses and reproduction
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What 5 traits of the vocal tract affect the ability for sound communication?
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Position of tongue;
Size of air passage; Position of larynx; Tension of cords; Number of nerve endings. |
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What makes humans better at speaking than chimpanzees? (3)
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Increased amps, resonance, and controlled sound units
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What can't non-human primates do with speech that humans can?
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Recombine sound units for new meaning
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How do early and recent studies differ in their attempts to study sound communication in primates?
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Early: focused on structure (sound units), made cross-species comparisons, seen as response to environment only.
Recent: Function of sound, equivalents to words/sentences, intentionality, thought-based and response-based. |
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How do recent studies of primate vocalizations improve human understanding?
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Sonograms: e.g. chacma baboons change vocalizations which can't be heard by human hearing
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What are two findings from recent studies of wild Chacma baboons?
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Conspecifics recognize individual voices
Responses change depending on who's speaking (e.g. rank) |
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What did Diana Campbell find in studies of vocalizations of wild Putty Nosed Old World Monkeys?
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They use syntax in calls
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What are 2 reasons that wild Vervet monkeys may have meaning in calls?
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It uses:
Semanticy ("meaning"; evokes mental representation) Arbitrariness (symbols with no direct relationship with object - "why sound means snake?") |
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How are wild primate vocalizations learned?
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Traditional transmission (learning from older conspecifics)
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How and when did captive primate studies begin?
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1930s, teaching speech and understanding speech
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In the 1930s, what did researchers find with Gua, the chimpanzee?
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Her motor skills at 9 months surpassed those of a child.
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In the 1940s and 50s, what did researchers develop as a result of studying Viki, the chimpanzee, and why?
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Speech therapy methods (by 6 y/o, Viki knew some words but was limited by vocal anatomy)
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What primates understand spoken language?
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Chimpanzees and bonobos
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In the 1960s and 1970s, what primate was taught 240 signs?
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Washo, the chimpanzee
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What 2 important things did Washo do with sign language?
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Invented words by re-combination and used syntax;
Taught 5 year-old adopted son 50 signs |
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What primate was famously taught sign language in the 1970s?
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Nim Chimpsky, the chimpanzee
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How did Nim Chimpsky use sign language, according to lab researchers?
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As imitation for reward (was not creative).
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Who is Kanzi and how was he taught to communicate?
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A bonobo; lexicon training
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What other primates are taught using "Yerkish" lexicon training?
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Chimpanzees and one Orangutan
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How did Kanzi learn lexicon communication?
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From his mother; practised on his own (less tied to reward)
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At what human level of communication is Kanzi?
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2.5 years old
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What is required for primate language acquisition which is available in captivity but not as much in the wild?
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Constant stimulation
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What is the difference and the similarity between human speech and non-human primate vocalizations?
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Difference: humans use consonants and words have distinct boundaries
Similarity: shared brain structure for language perception |
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What is a phoneme?
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A single sound (represented by letters in English)
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What is a morpheme?
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A combination of sounds, into a word
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What is the difference in semantic ability between humans and non-human primates?
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Humans: phonemes combined to morphemes to convey meaning; displacement (thinking of things elsewhere)
Non-human primates: no phonemes; morphemes not combined; displacement not seen in wild (but is in captives) |
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What is the difference in syntactical ability between humans and non-human primates?
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Humans: grammar, predictable structure
NHP: Kanzi uses grammar, but usually during requests; some proto-syntax in OWMs (Campbell's Vervet monkeys 6 alert calls combined to sentences). |
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What is the difference in language acquisition between humans and non-human primates?
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Humans: brain growth/development for speech/language; learn through sounds in environment
NHP: innate; little/no learning period; communicate immediately but must learn meaning/context (e.g. Vervet monkeys make wrong call but become better and more specific with age) |
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How big are primate brains?
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Twice as big as same-size placental mammals
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What is the main benefit of increased brain complexity?
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Greater number of sulci and gyri = greater number of neurons
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What are the 3 hypotheses to explain why primates evolved big brains?
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Expensive tissue hypothesis
Ecological intelligence hypothesis Social intelligence hypothesis |
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What is Expensive Tissue Hypothesis and to whom is it attributed?
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Aiello and Wheeler 1995, disputed by Navarrete et al. 2011;
Metabolically expensive (> other organs) Trade-off b/t gut length and brain size |
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What is Ecological Intelligence Hypothesis and to whom is it attributed?
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Clutton-Brock & Harvey 1980; Milton 1988;
Social complexity and problem-solving drives brain size (where to find food, mental maps, etc) |
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What is Social Intelligence Hypothesis and to whom is it attributed?
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Dunbar 1988, 1992;
Group size and structure (m & f) = brain & neocortex size Social benefits = complex behaviour = complex brain |
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What is required to experience empathy?
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Theory of mind.
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What is Theory of Mind?
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Recognition and understanding of the mental states of others, and recognize them as different from one's own mental state.
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How is Theory of Mind acquired in humans and non-human primates?
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It is not innate; learned in both humans and NHPs.
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What is a "false belief" test?
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Tests ability of observer to recognize the knowledge of an observed person, when it is different from the observer's knowledge.
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Which primates pass the "false belief" test?
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None, except most humans.
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What did Tomasello & Call find in 1997, and how?
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Chimpanzees have theory of mind. Experiment on chimpanzee's decisions based on what they thought others might know.
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What are the criticisms of Tomasello & Call's tests?
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Chimpanzees only achieved 70% success in 3/4 subjects after 100-150 trials; chimps may have been learning to solve test over time by other means.
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What is awareness in Theory of Mind? (2)
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Self-recognition (distinction between self & others)
Self-attribution (state of mind of self and others) |
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How is self-recognition tested?
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Mirror test
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Do apes/monkeys have a concept of self?
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Monkeys fail mirror test
Gorillas mostly fail Chimpanzees sometimes pass/fail (captives pass more often than wild; 4-6 year old chimps likely to pass under right conditions) |
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How do researchers determine self and social attribution in primates?
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Testing paradigms: co-operation (remove human influence, test two primates together)
Testing paradigms: competitive interactions (examine dominant and subordinate communication) |
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Why is theory of mind necessary for primates? (4)
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Increases effective cooperation,
distinction between friendly/unfriendly, recognition of being duped, manipulation of others for personal gain. |
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How do chimpanzees demonstrate co-operation and planning in the wild?
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Hunt co-operatively; 50% is planned (males move together, scanning tree tops; hunting bark triggers start).
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What are the 3 roles in (Taï)chimpanzee group hunting?
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Driver/chaser
Blockers Ambusher (Sometimes driver is ambusher) |
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What ability does (Taï) chimpanzee hunting demonstrate?
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Ability to anticipate cause and effect
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What is the trade-off in chimpanzee hunting?
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Increased participation = increased success but = increased food sharing
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Who gets the biggest portion of the kill in chimpanzee group hunting, followed by the least?
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Ambusher, then driver, then blockers, then everyone else
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What are the milestones, by years of experience, for chimpanzee hunters' abilities to anticipate prey?
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Drivers & Blockers:
8-10 years (not able to anticipate prey) 20 years (better at anticipating prey) Ambusher: 30 years (good at anticipating) |
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How flexible are (Taï) chimpanzees in performing group hunting roles?
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They know their roles but can be flexible.
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What are two other hunting strategies of chimpanzee groups?
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Some groups hunt cooperatively but don't have assigned roles;
Some groups hunt individually |
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What is primate knowledge transfer?
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Methods under which primates learn
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What 2 kinds of knowledge transfer do primates use?
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Asocial learning (trial & error)
Social learning (observational - less common) including emulation and imitation |
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What is the difference between emulation and imitation?
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Emulation is copying the general behaviour of another without their nuances (understand objective and potential to achieve result)
Imitation is copying exactly the behaviour of another (understand how action achieves result) |
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How do most apes participate in social learning?
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Emulation; imitation occurs in "enculturated" apes
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Do primates directly teach?
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Little evidence, and only in apes
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What was the first primate group that was reported to use tools?
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Gombe chimps
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Which primates are regular tool users?
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Chimpanzees and Orangutans
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Which groups of primates do not use tools?
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Strepsirrhines and thumbless monkeys (colobines); Gorillas rarely use
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Which primates sometimes use tools in captivity?
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Most haplorhines
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What is a tool?
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Unmodified, natural, selected object used to modify another object
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What is a metatool?
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Modified object used to modify another object, which in turn is used as a tool
e.g. anvil made level with wedge, hammerstone then used |
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What are the 3 levels of tool complexity?
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Object in nature modified and then used as a tool;
Used of 2 tools in a single task; Metatool (modified objected used to modify another object, which is used as a tool) |
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What are the 2 requirements for tool use?
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Conditioned learning or innate drive;
Physical ability to manipulate objects |
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What are 3 requirements for tool manufacture?
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Mental template;
Understanding of raw material; Forethought |
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Why is tool use so important, in terms of time and resources?
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Manufacturing tools requires greater complexity than the task for which the tool is made
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What do chimpanzees do with tools which demonstrates forethought?
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prepare tools in advance, cache for future use
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Which two apes can plan for 14 hours in advance?
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Bonobos and Orangutans
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Do monkeys have mental templates?
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Little evidence for monkeys with mental templates (Capuchins use trial and error)
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Is tool use a recent invention by apes?
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No. Prehistoric chimpanzee/bonobos also modified tools to pound starch.
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Do non-human primates have culture?
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Chimpanzees do. Non-human primates can survive without it (humans can't)
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What evidence is there for non-human primate culture? (3)
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Population-wide traditions (McGrew 1992)
Behavioural traditions with evidence for social learning (Galef 1988) Tool use |
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Why is tool use evidence for culture?
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Different areas of the same species use different tools
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What two components are missing to deem tool use innate?
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Ecological or genetic factors (might have occurred in the past, but not present today)
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What is the contemporary debate on human vs. non-human primate culture?
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Degrees of complexity
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What are the 4 major contemporary threats to primates?
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Habitat destruction;
Hunting; Disease; Pet trade |
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What are the 3 major contemporary conservation policies for primates?
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Economic incentives;
Public awareness; Research |
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What is the greatest challenge for primates?
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Human population growth
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What are 2 historical challenges primates faced, and what broad category are they under?
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Shifting continents
Glaciations/Interglaciations (Environmental changes) |
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How many primate species are there?
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~350
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How many primate species are vulnerable to critically endangered?
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~1/3
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What are the 2 main sources of habitat disturbance?
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Deforestation (clear cutting, burning, selective logging);
Climate change |
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What are 7 reasons for human hunting of primates?
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Bush meat by locals for local food;
Bush meat by locals for local trade; Bush meat as international food trade item; Bush meat for loggers' food; Medicinal beliefs and trade; As trophies; Political reasons (e.g. Virunga) |
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What are primate behaviour responses to hunting?
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Behaviour adapts to human hunting practice
(e.g. guenons who usually flee to trees at terrestrial predators started dropping to ground undergrowth at the sound of gunfire) |
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What are zoonoses?
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Interspecies disease transmission (e.g. humans and primates)
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How does bushmeat transmit disease? (2)
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By butchering (working with blood);
By consumption |
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What are 3 reasons not to have a primate for a pet?
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Require special food, housing & care;
Can't be "house trained"; Form dominance heirarchies |
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What are economic incentives for primate conservation, and who do they benefit?
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Profitable to local people;
Sustainable forest management (use for products without over-harvesting and with replanting); Ecotourism |
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How is public awareness increased in primate conservation?
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Education programs and NGOs
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What is the risk of public awareness?
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Misrepresentation of conservation status (i.e. showing thriving primates due to conservation policies, which enhances message of economic viability of policy, such as managed logging, even when it hasn't been working).
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How has research changed in response to conservation awareness?
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Switch to non-invasive research
e.g. switch from blood samples to urine and feces samples in wild primates to determine reproductive biology e.g. hair samples and cheek cells from nest contructions |
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What are two US Acts that act for primate conservation?
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Great Ape Conservation Act 2000
CHIMP Act 2000 |
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How many subspecies of Chimpanzees are there?
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3
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Who hunts in chimpanzee society, and what function might it serve in their regular social roles?
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Primarily males; suggested to increase dominance and access to females
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Why are chimpanzee fossils hard to find?
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Climate was moist, tropical habitat
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What is the dispersal pattern of chimpanzees?
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Fission-fusion with patriarchal natal group
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In what genus are Baboons?
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Papio
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How many species of baboon are there?
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5
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How is baboon society structured?
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In OMUs
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Why do baboons have such long muzzles?
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Not for olfaction as in Strepsirrhines; but for increased space for dentition (dental muzzle).
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What are Pygmy, Dwarf, or Gracile Chimpanzees?
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Bonobos
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What is the only primate whose habitat is confined to one country?
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Bonobos
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What is the bonobo dispersal pattern?
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Female natal groups; male migration
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How do bonobos differ anatomically from chimpanzees? (6)
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Smaller skulls, slender body, longer hair, retention of juvenile characteristics, reduced sexual dimorphism, generalized for bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion.
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Approximately how many bonobos exist?
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10,000
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In what genus are Capuchins?
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Cebus (Platyrrhini)
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Which are the most intelligence NWM?
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Capuchins
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How do capuchin monkeys use olfactory communication?
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Urine washing
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What is the capuchin dispersal pattern?
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Female natal groups; males migrate
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How are heirarchies built in capuchin society?
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Correlate with age
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Who dictates group movement and activity patterns in capuchin society?
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Alpha male
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Why don't gorillas spend much time in water?
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Because they get most of their water from their leafy diet
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How is sex initiated in gorilla society?
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Females will approach and groom male more than he will approach females
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How do male silverbacks become dominant?
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Through succession or takeover
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How is sexual dominance displayed in gorilla society?
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All silverbacks, even young ones, are dominant to females; blackbacks are usually subordinate to adult females
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What is unique about gorilla communication between groups?
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Groups can create their own slang
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What is bimaturism in Orangutans?
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"arrested development" in males; fully mature and sexually able to produce offpring, but lacking cheek flanges - females will still prefer the dominant male with flanges
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Why do Orangutans have such a large home range?
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Frugivorous diet; fruit widely spaced
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