Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
You are a zooarchaeologist looking at remains from a site in Europe. You have 43 complete capris (goat) skulls and 58 complete right scapulae for the same species (shoulder blades). The MNI (minimum number of individuals) for this site is:
|
58
|
|
Study human ancestors
|
bioarchaeologist
|
|
Study the biological nature of humans and their ancestors
|
biological anthropologist
|
|
Study the physical and biological characteristics of human remains recovered.
|
forensic anthropologist
|
|
Study the morphological and physical characteristics of humans.
|
physical anthropologist
|
|
What is an explanation for how the Iceman died?
|
He was killed as a result of an assassination attempt as evidenced by the arrow wound found in his shoulder.
|
|
Which stage of field processing requires excellent penmanship?
|
labeling
|
|
What is an objective of classification?
|
To define variability within a given data set
|
|
You have a selection of stone tools in front of you and you sort them into piles with labels such as knives, blades, projectile points. This would be an example of a ___________ type of classification.
|
secondary
|
|
This type of classification has a problem in that it implies that there is a decision making hierarchy inherent in the production of a given artifact
|
taxonomic
|
|
_________ types are artifacts grouped based on overall similarity, which are generally independent of function or significance.
|
morphological
|
|
A stone scraper assemblage from Alaska that covers all stone scrapers from the region would be an example of __________ type.
|
functional
|
|
The law of superposition is the principal that states that the sequence of observable layers, from _______ to _______ reflects the order of deposition from _______ to _______.
|
bottom to top, oldest to youngest
|
|
In examining an assemblage of pots recovered from an excavation, you note that different frequencies of pottery types come from different stratigraphic levels of your excavation. By documenting these differences in a systematic manner you are able to do what type of temporal analysis?
|
seriation
|
|
A culture regulates behavior in what three areas?
|
Social, technology, ideological
|
|
One trueism in archaeology is that a culture is greater than the sum of its parts. As a result, when archaeologists look at diagnostic attributes, they have to keep in mind the cautionary note that similarities in diagnostics could reflect:
|
An ideological symbol that unifies multiple cultures
|
|
A past culture is identified by archaeologists by:
|
Multiple lines of evidence of which artifacts are only a part
|
|
Using one stone to whack a flake off of another stone is called _______.
|
hard hammer percussion
|
|
In sorting stone tools, archaeologists typically sort them initially into ______ and ______ groupings.
|
ground stone, chipped stone
|
|
A material typically associated with the production of chipped stone tools is:
|
Quartz/Quartzite
|
|
Which is not an example of a unifacial tool?
|
Projectile point
|
|
Which of the following ceramic firing methods leads to an uneven or ‘cloudy’ appearance to pottery?
|
open
|
|
Which method of laboratory analysis would be used to best determine how a pottery vessel was used?
|
residue analysis
|
|
You are on the game show Jeopardy and the answer is “Kaolin is the finest example of this type of material “. The question is:
|
What is clay
|
|
An example of this is the use of netting to impress the design on a pot
|
cording
|
|
An example of this is the opposite of punctuate decoration
|
embossing
|
|
An example of this is the use of a cleverly notched shell to produce this decoration
|
dentate stamping
|
|
An example of this is the dragging of a tool to produce shallow lines on the pot
|
incising
|
|
4 types of organic artifacts
|
bone, shell, wood, plant
|
|
4 types of inorganic artifacts
|
stone, ceramic, metal, glass
|
|
4 types of remains
|
artifacts, ecofacts, features, human remains
|
|
3 types of ecofacts
|
floral, faunal, coprolite
|
|
sorting into general types by material or industry
|
inventory
|
|
Complete qualitative and quantitative documentation of artifacts and ecofacts prior to formal analysis
|
cataloguing
|
|
classification based on directly observed attributes
|
primary classification
|
|
classification based on inferred or analytic attributes
|
secondary classification
|
|
2 types of classification
|
taxonomic, paradigmatic
|
|
classification based on inferred or analytic attributes
|
secondary classification
|
|
2 types of classification
|
taxonomic, paradigmatic
|
|
Artifacts grouped together based on overall similarity
|
morphological types
|
|
Artifacts tied to specific time periods
|
temporal types
|
|
Artifact collections that are representative of a particular activity or set of activities
|
functional types
|
|
Analysis of the artifact, ecofact, or feature itself to arrive at a chronological evaluation
|
direct dating
|
|
Analysis of material associated with the data under study to derive a chronological evaluation
|
indirect dating
|
|
Determining age or chronological sequence without reference to a fixed time scale
|
relative dating
|
|
Determination of age on a specific time scale, as in years before present, or according to a fixed calendrical system
|
absolute dating
|
|
Techniques used to order materials in a sequence, in such a way that adjacent items in the series are more similar to each other than to items further apart in the series
|
seriation
|
|
hard percussion
|
rock on rock
|
|
soft percussion
|
wood or antler on rock
|
|
indirect percussion
|
Usage of some tool in between the primary tool and what is being made
|
|
_____ stone broken into _____ and _____, then ____ and _____
|
chipped; unifacial, bifacial; tool, decorative object
|
|
____ stone broken into ____ and _____
|
ground; tool, decorative object
|
|
granite, basalt, slate used to make ...
|
ground stone tools
|
|
pipestone, argillite, soapstone used to make...
|
ground stone tools
|
|
chert, flint, obsidion, quartz/quartzite used to make...
|
...chipped stone tools
|
|
basalt, shale, slate used to make...
|
...chipped stone tools
|
|
scraper is a...
|
...unifacial tool
|
|
utilized flake is a...
|
...unifacial tool
|
|
gouges/gravers are...
|
...unifacial tools
|
|
projectile points are...
|
...bifacial tools
|
|
blades are...
|
...bifacial tools
|
|
axes/adzes are...
|
...bifacial tools
|
|
drills are...
|
...bifacial tools
|
|
Less oxygen, which leads to blackening effect (e.g., burying)
|
reducing
|
|
More oxygen, which leads to reddening effect
|
oxidizing
|
|
Uncontrolled oxygen, leads to uneven red and black coloring called “fire clouds”
|
open
|
|
Can identify gross method of manufacture
|
x-ray analysis
|
|
Analysis of material remains that adhere to or absorb into the interior surface of a pot
|
residue analysis
|
|
Microscopic analysis of a thin cross-section of pottery
|
ceramic thin-section analysis
|
|
Push stick in from outside
|
punctate
|
|
Push stick out from inside to create raised bumps
|
embossing
|
|
Plant fibers woven into nets, impressed on pottery
|
cording
|
|
least difficult to interpret
|
technology
|
|
second least difficult to interpret
|
subsistence
|
|
second most difficult to interpret
|
social organization
|
|
most difficult to interpret
|
ideological systems
|
|
areas of study in order- easiest to most difficult
|
technology, subsistence, social organization, ideological systems
|
|
A generalized comparison that can be documented across many cultural traditions
|
general analogy
|
|
Specific comparisons within a given cultural tradition (then vs. now)
|
specific analogy
|
|
need to show for general analogy:
|
similarity of cultural and environmental setting
|
|
need to show for specificanalogy:
|
similarity of cultural and environmental setting, cultural continuity
|
|
2 components of social environment
|
physical, conceptual
|
|
The ways in which humans and their actions interact with and affect the physical and natural environments
|
physical social environment
|
|
An environment defined by human behaviors independent of place
|
conceptual social environent
|
|
landforms, bodies of water, atmosphere
|
physical environment
|
|
everything that is alive except humans
|
biological/natural environment
|