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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A. Anthropology
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A. Study of the biology and culture of all humanity
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B. Archeology
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B. study ancient human behavior based on material finds in the archaeological record.
Archaeologists study people in the past and how their cultures changed through time. |
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A. Midden
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A. Old garbage heaps related to actions by people in the past; constitute archeological record
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A. Archeological Record
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A. Material remains of past people- including things they threw away, such as bones or plants, seeds, their old residences, tools they used, and art that they made.
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A. Preservation in Archeological Record
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A. Inherently fragmentary and contains biases.
Things that are made out of durable materials, like stone or fired clay preserve well in all archaeological contexts. Things made out of more fragile organic materials that decompose, like wood or plant materials, don’t preserve in many archaeological contexts. |
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A. Text aided (historic) archeology
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A. Study of time periods when people used writing
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A. Prehistoric archeology
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A. Study of time periods before the use of writing of non0literate societies (through oral history)
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A. Principle of Uniformitarianism
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A. Gradual change over long periods of time through natural processes (stratigraphy)
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B. Radiocarbon Dating
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A. (1500AD - 40kya)
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A. Dendrochronology
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A. Tree-dating (present to 8000BC), useful in places that have standing architecture that uses wood
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A. Potassium-Argon Dating
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A. Decay rates in volcanic rock (250kya - 5mya), to date fossils from Africa found in volcanic sediments
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A. Uranium-Thorium dating
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A. For corals because less range of error that carbon dating (+/-4-8 yrs vs +/-40-50yrs)
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B. Argon-Argon dating
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B. For "Lucy" and Pompeii
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C. Artifacts
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A. Portable objects
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A. Features
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A. Non-portable objects
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B. Processual vs Post-processual
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A. External factors (external) vs Focus on individual and group factors (internal)
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C. Multilinear evolution
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B. Classifies societies into broad groups based on size and degree of hierarchy
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A. Prestate societies
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C. Bands, tribes, chiefdoms (based on kinship, small scale)
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A. State organized societies
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A. Large scale policies with centralized political organization
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A. Agency models
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A. Stress how interaction between people are what bring change and constraints of environment are culturally mediated
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A. Hominins vs. Hominoids (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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A. Primate family which includes modern humans, earlier human subspecies, and their direct modern ancestors (any creature thought to be in the human line) vs a kind of primate, includes present and past apes and humans. Hominoids share many characteristics which indicate descent from arboreal ancestral species adapted for brachiation.
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A. Bipedalism (Evolutionary Importance)
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A. Emerged from apes (6mya)HAR gene link to bipedalism (18 letter change from chimp)
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A. Increase in brain size (Evolutionary Importance)
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B. Social interaction, predators, more energy, tools, bipedalism
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A. Tool use (Evolutionary Importance)
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A. Larger brain, diverse foods,
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A. Relationship of environmental change and cultural and evolutionary change
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A. Dry and cold climate -> forest to savannah -> change to ground
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A. Knuckle walking
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A. Kenkapithecus (first to descend to ground), Ancestor that gave rise to Gorilla -> Chimp -> Human
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A. Proconsul
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B. Partially terrestrial, fruit eaters, slightly larger brain (Middle Miocene 24-14mya)
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A. Adaptive problems Late Miocene
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A. Larger mammals -> [carrying capacity limits of environment and size -> need to span over larger area -> larger, variable diet, behavioral flexibility], terrestrial primates -> [bipedalism, eating meet, shelter, broad gatherers], changing environment -> [forest to savannah -> broad, patchier resources -> move to ground -> predators -> larger brain]
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B. Molecular biology
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A. Shows that human and chimps last shared a common ancestor 7mya ( 99% similar DNA just packed differently)
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A. Changes in CC- (how do we know and importance)
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B. [Move to ground -> more exposed -> need to outsmart predetors, also need behavioral flexibility with changing dietary needs, drawback: greater energy input required], [endocasts (broca's and wernickes)]
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A. Language and changes in morphology
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C. Endocasts of broca's and wernickes, descended larynx
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A. Bipedalism and changes in skeleton
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D. Position of spinal chord opening, human skull balanced on vertebral column, hip joint (larger, shorter, broader), forward lumbar bend with backward thoracic bend, longer leg bones, arched foot and shorter toes
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A. Bipedalism and adaptive changes
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A. b/c of changes in climate (forests -> savannah) leading to broader and patchier resources, need for move to ground (can travel further, better providers, different habitats, carry things)
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B. Dietary adaptations
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A. Larger mammals that need additional food and broader diet
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A. Evolutionary changes in tool use
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A. Chimps use simple tools for termites
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A. Oldowan vs acheulian (when, who uses them, etc.)
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A. [bifacial flaking, butcher meat, scrape wood and plants], ([bofacialy flaked handaxe, converge at point, more sophisticated, need direct hits hammer blows, multipurpose, used for long time without change], [europe and africa by H. erectus, paleolithic, England didn't used them (because more available materials, little communication)]
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A. Lake Turkana Bay
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A. Homo ergaster/erectus, [Fully bipedal in arm-leg ratio, skeletal changes = quick runner, increase in body size, home range, adapt to many environments, live in small groups]
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A. Diversity in Hominin Lineage
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B. H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. heidelbergensis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalis, H. sapiens
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A. Rate of Biological and Cultural Change
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A. Early pleistocene (unpredictable period of climate change) -> accelerated pace of human biological and cultural change.
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A. Archelogical Evidence for Hominin Behavior
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A. Scatters of artifacts, manufactured artifacts, surviving food remains, isotopic analysis, skeletal remains, evidence of central places?
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B. Sahelanthropus (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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A. [Miocene (6-7 mya), oldest hominin], [flat face, small brain (380cc), ~upright walker, forested environments]
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A. Olduvai Gorge
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A. H. Habilis, [most animal bones small, larger animal bones appear to be scavenged, competing with lion/hyenas]
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A. Clandistics
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A. Analytic system for reconstructing evolutionary relations (from those derived from common ancestors but also independently, sees human genus as monophyletic)
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B. Australopithecus, Lucy (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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A. [Miocene (6-7 mya) ],[Bipedal lower!, arboreal upper, increased brain size, no tool use, teeth], [A. africanus (gracile, 450-550cc ), A. robustus (500-550cc, die out), A. aferensis (Lucy, large dentition, robust jaws, fruigiorous with some consumption of animals)]
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C. A. garhi (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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B. "First human", PDYN gene (first changes 7mya, regulates brain "soup" stock), gracile like Lucy, protruding face, meat eater, tools!
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A. H. habilis (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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A. [Early homonin],[opposable thumb!, expanded brain, smaller jaw, bipedal, precision grip!, Oldowan tools!], [smaller animals hunters, larger animal scavenged, carrying tools, evidence for foraging, grandmother hypothesis]
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A. Theories of Hominin subsistence
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A. Mental maps of territories, scavengers, trees near water sources, food sharing , tools use, gathering = stable, scavenging = opportunistic
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A. Grandmother hypothesis
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A. Women gather in teams (old and young play a role), grandmother steps into help with children
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A. Paleolithic
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A. Look at time period
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A. Ice Age climate
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A. During pleistocene, unstable climate = accelerated culture and biological changes, colder climates in N. Latitudes lead to controlled use of fire, shelters, more complex tools
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A. Language (when, how we know)
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A. Increased co-op behavior/learning, casts of skull (brocas and wernickes), larynx has to descend (starts with H. erectus)
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A. Fox P2
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A. Fundamental gene for language, neanderthals share with modern humans
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A. Fire use (when, advantages)
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A. Colder climates, N. latitudes à Controlled use of fire; shelters, more complex tools, Fire use with H. erectus/ergaster (1.6mya), Controlled use of fire ~ 800kya (Paleolithic),
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A. Ancient DNA
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A. studying difficult because samples are contaminated with DNA from other organisms, difficult to sequence a genome from fragmented DNA, Chimpanzees share more than 99% of their DNA with humans, but it is packaged in the chromosomes in a different way
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A. H. erectus/ergaster (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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A. Larynx descending!, [1.9mya - 600kya, live in same region as H. habilis, evolve in Africa -> Europe/Asia (via Sahara like other mammal)],[fully bipedal, increased body size, increased home range, plants and hunting, large brow ridge, large brain size, Acheulian handaxe (Africa)]
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A. Movement out of Africa
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A. H. erectus (Asia, 1.9-1.6mya), H. neanderthalis (Europe, 1mya), China 500kya
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B. Zhoukoudian cave
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A. [45 individuals, stone tools, fire use, burned animal bones, cooperative hunting, more complex quartz stone tools]
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A. H. neanderthalensis (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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A. [200kya -30kya (From H. heidlebergensis 600-500kya)], [handaxe use, cold adaptation, similar/same posture and mobility as modern humans, powerful/robust, short/stocky, low/sloping forehead, no chin/elongated face, pronounced brow ridges, occipital bun], [skilled hunters, carnivores, Mousterian tool, no structures], [buried dead, no art but ochre]
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A. Mousterian tools
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A. Flaked tools, prepared cores, more complex that acheulian, little diversity, sophisticated, intergenerational learning
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A. Early H. sapiens (subsistence, diet, dates, evolutionary importance)
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B. [Replace african acheulian with prepared core technology, bone technology], [marine and large animals]
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A. Blombos cave
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A. Bone technology (bifacial points, awls) 75kya, ochre pieces, shell beads drilled with bone tools, shows hunting diversity including land and marine animals,
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B. Neanderthal die out (why)
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A. Demise of earlier Homo species (100-200kya), gone from Eurpoe (30kya), [lived at same time as early modern human and competed for same territory], environmental change -> [not same mobility?, opportunistic hunters but had to get closer], adapt to cold so large groups implied], language abilities -> [not same, lack art, small groups and stable culture needed]
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A. Upper Paleolithic tools
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A. Spear thrower (atlatl), bow and arrow (for smaller game), eye needle (awl), ropes/nets/harpoons, blades/blade tools
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A. Art and symbolism (cave art, figurines)
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A. [Venus figurines -> (oven clay figurines, domestic context (fertility)), cave art -> [human motifs rare (mostly animals), motif deliberately placed (herbivores vs carnivores), fertility/ritual/magic?, social aggregation (largest sites have most art), shamans/trances (humans transform into animals)]
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A. Burial goods
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A. Read ochre, beads, personal adornments, show belief in afterlife, starts mostly with Neanderthals?
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B. Dolni Vestonice
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A. [25-27kya, mammoth bone structures, hunt mega fauna], sustenance -> [location near two rivers, hunter-gatherers(large, small), mammoth, plants, Hearth, contains tubers], art -> [personal adornment, basketry/textiles], Burials -> [30 individuals, buried near huts, grave goods, care for sick, skeletons related to each other]
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A. First dwellings
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B. Upper paleolithic, Semi-permanent dwellings out of mammoth bones on the Russian plain, Large rockshelter sites with paintings and engravings, portable art (Alatmira, Lascaux),
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A. Australian aborigines as hunter gatherers
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A. p
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