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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Inequality
|
Differences between people
|
|
|
Modes of Production
|
Simple:Domestic Mode of Production (households are self-sufficient); More Complex: Communal mode of production (several household working together, puts constraints on group fissioning and household autonomy); Even more complex: Tributary mode of production (existence of leaders or elite who require some form of tribute, household thus have to provide not only for themselves but for a group of non producers too)
|
|
|
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
Food Production (high yield domesticated grains and animals)
|
|
|
Preconditions for Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Resource abundance, 2) Storability, 3)Settlement permanence, 4) High population density, 5)Constraints on fissioning
|
|
|
Consequences of Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Reduced Mobility 2) intensified land use practices 3) increased trade 4) decreased leisure time 5) technological innovation 6) increased fertility 7) increased nutritional stress 8) increased infectious disease 9) increased social strife
|
|
|
Potlatching
|
competitive feasts hosted by clan leaders, type of ceremonial redistribution, opportunities for leaders to acquire and maintain high status by giving away surpluses, several types of surpluses were implicated
|
|
|
Multi centric Economy
|
an economy divided into multiple spheres of exchange; in NW coast economies, three spheres of exchange existed: 1) subsistence sphere, 2) Material wealth sphere, 3) Prestige sphere; surpluses in any one of these spheres could be converted to another
|
|
|
Hoko River Wet Site
|
Intensive fishing economy, wood carving, storage, fragments of two types of hats: flat type worn historically by common people; knobbed hat worn historically by elite
|
|
|
Technology of Hoko River Wet Site
|
Fish hooks, line float, bent wood hook, anchor stones with cordage, wedge for wood working, basketry/cordage,
|
|
|
Ozette Site, Olympic Peninsula
|
"Pompeii of North America", Multiple occupations saturated and separated by clay strata and finally a massive mud slide at 1750 CE, ancestral site to Makah Indians, Economy emphasizing on whaling, two tiers of settlement, with elite fronting ocean, non-subsistence production items
|
|
|
what suggests ranking?
|
two rows of houses, carvings on houses
|
|
|
Clam Gardens
|
Rocks used to create beach in tidal zone, area where clams favor, increase clam harvest 2-4x, likely that baby clams were being replanted as well
|
|
|
Culturally Modified Trees
|
Cedar very important raw material for construction, extraction of materials from trees had different effects, many can still be seen today in culturally modified trees, planks cut from trees for use in house construction, and for making boxes, bark stripped for making baskets, hats, boxes, cordage, can be dated with dendrochronology
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Environment
|
South and East = wetter North and West = drier
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Social Response
|
emergence of more intensive landscape use focused on aquatic resources, new social tensions relived either through violence or elaboration exchange networks
|
|
|
Sea Level Change
|
sea level rose to 0 over the course of 22,000 years
|
|
|
Shell Mound Archaic
|
intensive exploitation of shellfish, happened between 8900-3200 cal BP, predominantly in the Mid. South in the Southern Ohio River Valley, Tennessee, Duck, Cumberland, Ohio, Harpeth, Green Rivers, 2 other shellfish-intense regions, Savannah River and St. Johns Rivers
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Villages
|
seasonally occupied, a few houses documented at the Riverton site, features are rare! storage pits isolated to a few places outside that SMA heartland, 75-80% of features at Falls of the Ohio sites are either low-intensity hearths or burials
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Burials
|
high frequency of burials at SMA sites, 92% of burials are in shell sites, presence of grave goods has been used, with limited success, to look at social distinctions based on wealth
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Violence
|
varied levels of injuries suggestive of interpersonal violence, skill depression injuries (CDI)= 10.7%, most could be survived, Scalping, embedded bone or stone projectiles (2% or more of populations)
|
|
|
Archaic burial practices and violence
|
high levels of trauma suggest violent interactions, Cheryl Claasen says taking captives to use in rituals, violence was not the only means of dealing with competitive interests
|
|
|
Inequality
|
Differences between people
|
|
|
Modes of Production
|
Simple:Domestic Mode of Production (households are self-sufficient); More Complex: Communal mode of production (several household working together, puts constraints on group fissioning and household autonomy); Even more complex: Tributary mode of production (existence of leaders or elite who require some form of tribute, household thus have to provide not only for themselves but for a group of non producers too)
|
|
|
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
Food Production (high yield domesticated grains and animals)
|
|
|
Preconditions for Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Resource abundance, 2) Storability, 3)Settlement permanence, 4) High population density, 5)Constraints on fissioning
|
|
|
Consequences of Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Reduced Mobility 2) intensified land use practices 3) increased trade 4) decreased leisure time 5) technological innovation 6) increased fertility 7) increased nutritional stress 8) increased infectious disease 9) increased social strife
|
|
|
Potlatching
|
competitive feasts hosted by clan leaders, type of ceremonial redistribution, opportunities for leaders to acquire and maintain high status by giving away surpluses, several types of surpluses were implicated
|
|
|
Multi centric Economy
|
an economy divided into multiple spheres of exchange; in NW coast economies, three spheres of exchange existed: 1) subsistence sphere, 2) Material wealth sphere, 3) Prestige sphere; surpluses in any one of these spheres could be converted to another
|
|
|
Hoko River Wet Site
|
Intensive fishing economy, wood carving, storage, fragments of two types of hats: flat type worn historically by common people; knobbed hat worn historically by elite
|
|
|
Technology of Hoko River Wet Site
|
Fish hooks, line float, bent wood hook, anchor stones with cordage, wedge for wood working, basketry/cordage,
|
|
|
Ozette Site, Olympic Peninsula
|
"Pompeii of North America", Multiple occupations saturated and separated by clay strata and finally a massive mud slide at 1750 CE, ancestral site to Makah Indians, Economy emphasizing on whaling, two tiers of settlement, with elite fronting ocean, non-subsistence production items
|
|
|
what suggests ranking?
|
two rows of houses, carvings on houses
|
|
|
Clam Gardens
|
Rocks used to create beach in tidal zone, area where clams favor, increase clam harvest 2-4x, likely that baby clams were being replanted as well
|
|
|
Culturally Modified Trees
|
Cedar very important raw material for construction, extraction of materials from trees had different effects, many can still be seen today in culturally modified trees, planks cut from trees for use in house construction, and for making boxes, bark stripped for making baskets, hats, boxes, cordage, can be dated with dendrochronology
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Environment
|
South and East = wetter North and West = drier
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Social Response
|
emergence of more intensive landscape use focused on aquatic resources, new social tensions relived either through violence or elaboration exchange networks
|
|
|
Sea Level Change
|
sea level rose to 0 over the course of 22,000 years
|
|
|
Shell Mound Archaic
|
intensive exploitation of shellfish, happened between 8900-3200 cal BP, predominantly in the Mid. South in the Southern Ohio River Valley, Tennessee, Duck, Cumberland, Ohio, Harpeth, Green Rivers, 2 other shellfish-intense regions, Savannah River and St. Johns Rivers
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Villages
|
seasonally occupied, a few houses documented at the Riverton site, features are rare! storage pits isolated to a few places outside that SMA heartland, 75-80% of features at Falls of the Ohio sites are either low-intensity hearths or burials
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Burials
|
high frequency of burials at SMA sites, 92% of burials are in shell sites, presence of grave goods has been used, with limited success, to look at social distinctions based on wealth
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Violence
|
varied levels of injuries suggestive of interpersonal violence, skill depression injuries (CDI)= 10.7%, most could be survived, Scalping, embedded bone or stone projectiles (2% or more of populations)
|
|
|
Archaic burial practices and violence
|
high levels of trauma suggest violent interactions, Cheryl Claasen says taking captives to use in rituals, violence was not the only means of dealing with competitive interests
|
|
|
Benton Interaction Sphere
|
centered on Middle TN River and Tombigbee Drainage, southern component involves use of Tallahatta Quartzite for everyday tools, but cache blades still manufactured from Blue/Gray Fort Payne Chert, typically not reused, incorporated at grave goods
|
|
|
Bannerstones
|
an archaic-only technology, function unclear, some used due to breaking patterns, some not used, considerable spatial and temporal variability in form, production, and deposition
|
|
|
Inequality
|
Differences between people
|
|
|
Modes of Production
|
Simple:Domestic Mode of Production (households are self-sufficient); More Complex: Communal mode of production (several household working together, puts constraints on group fissioning and household autonomy); Even more complex: Tributary mode of production (existence of leaders or elite who require some form of tribute, household thus have to provide not only for themselves but for a group of non producers too)
|
|
|
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
Food Production (high yield domesticated grains and animals)
|
|
|
Preconditions for Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Resource abundance, 2) Storability, 3)Settlement permanence, 4) High population density, 5)Constraints on fissioning
|
|
|
Consequences of Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Reduced Mobility 2) intensified land use practices 3) increased trade 4) decreased leisure time 5) technological innovation 6) increased fertility 7) increased nutritional stress 8) increased infectious disease 9) increased social strife
|
|
|
Potlatching
|
competitive feasts hosted by clan leaders, type of ceremonial redistribution, opportunities for leaders to acquire and maintain high status by giving away surpluses, several types of surpluses were implicated
|
|
|
Multi centric Economy
|
an economy divided into multiple spheres of exchange; in NW coast economies, three spheres of exchange existed: 1) subsistence sphere, 2) Material wealth sphere, 3) Prestige sphere; surpluses in any one of these spheres could be converted to another
|
|
|
Hoko River Wet Site
|
Intensive fishing economy, wood carving, storage, fragments of two types of hats: flat type worn historically by common people; knobbed hat worn historically by elite
|
|
|
Technology of Hoko River Wet Site
|
Fish hooks, line float, bent wood hook, anchor stones with cordage, wedge for wood working, basketry/cordage,
|
|
|
Ozette Site, Olympic Peninsula
|
"Pompeii of North America", Multiple occupations saturated and separated by clay strata and finally a massive mud slide at 1750 CE, ancestral site to Makah Indians, Economy emphasizing on whaling, two tiers of settlement, with elite fronting ocean, non-subsistence production items
|
|
|
what suggests ranking?
|
two rows of houses, carvings on houses
|
|
|
Clam Gardens
|
Rocks used to create beach in tidal zone, area where clams favor, increase clam harvest 2-4x, likely that baby clams were being replanted as well
|
|
|
Culturally Modified Trees
|
Cedar very important raw material for construction, extraction of materials from trees had different effects, many can still be seen today in culturally modified trees, planks cut from trees for use in house construction, and for making boxes, bark stripped for making baskets, hats, boxes, cordage, can be dated with dendrochronology
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Environment
|
South and East = wetter North and West = drier
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Social Response
|
emergence of more intensive landscape use focused on aquatic resources, new social tensions relived either through violence or elaboration exchange networks
|
|
|
Sea Level Change
|
sea level rose to 0 over the course of 22,000 years
|
|
|
Shell Mound Archaic
|
intensive exploitation of shellfish, happened between 8900-3200 cal BP, predominantly in the Mid. South in the Southern Ohio River Valley, Tennessee, Duck, Cumberland, Ohio, Harpeth, Green Rivers, 2 other shellfish-intense regions, Savannah River and St. Johns Rivers
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Villages
|
seasonally occupied, a few houses documented at the Riverton site, features are rare! storage pits isolated to a few places outside that SMA heartland, 75-80% of features at Falls of the Ohio sites are either low-intensity hearths or burials
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Burials
|
high frequency of burials at SMA sites, 92% of burials are in shell sites, presence of grave goods has been used, with limited success, to look at social distinctions based on wealth
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Violence
|
varied levels of injuries suggestive of interpersonal violence, skill depression injuries (CDI)= 10.7%, most could be survived, Scalping, embedded bone or stone projectiles (2% or more of populations)
|
|
|
Archaic burial practices and violence
|
high levels of trauma suggest violent interactions, Cheryl Claasen says taking captives to use in rituals, violence was not the only means of dealing with competitive interests
|
|
|
Benton Interaction Sphere
|
centered on Middle TN River and Tombigbee Drainage, southern component involves use of Tallahatta Quartzite for everyday tools, but cache blades still manufactured from Blue/Gray Fort Payne Chert, typically not reused, incorporated at grave goods
|
|
|
Bannerstones
|
an archaic-only technology, function unclear, some used due to breaking patterns, some not used, considerable spatial and temporal variability in form, production, and deposition
|
|
|
Technology and Social Functions of early pottery
|
container, increased interactions between groups, first pots were not used directly over fire, they were simply containers for age-old method of "stone-boiling"
|
|
|
Stallings Culture
|
complex hunter-gatherers, pottery,
|
|
|
Soapstone cooking slabs
|
used cooking slabs instead of pottery over fire, piedmont, coastal plain residents acquired through trade with neighboring groups
|
|
|
Resource intensification
|
stallings island distinct feature, storage pits and refuse pits attest to large quantities of resources being prepared and consumed
|
|
|
Characteristics of monuments
|
ceremonial or sacred landmarks for commemoration; imply intentionally, forethought, sense of history
|
|
|
Shell Rings (5800-3200 cal BP)
|
Atlantic and gulf coastal zones, composed of marine shell, associated with pottery making traditions, shape, size, orientation of shell rings can tell us something about social organization; circular- closed, one side still has more shell than the other, at some sites, each side has a different kind of pottery, U-Shaped- open to one side, highest point of shell is opposite of opening, one side of ring is higher than the other
|
|
|
Inequality
|
Differences between people
|
|
|
Modes of Production
|
Simple:Domestic Mode of Production (households are self-sufficient); More Complex: Communal mode of production (several household working together, puts constraints on group fissioning and household autonomy); Even more complex: Tributary mode of production (existence of leaders or elite who require some form of tribute, household thus have to provide not only for themselves but for a group of non producers too)
|
|
|
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
Food Production (high yield domesticated grains and animals)
|
|
|
Preconditions for Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Resource abundance, 2) Storability, 3)Settlement permanence, 4) High population density, 5)Constraints on fissioning
|
|
|
Consequences of Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Reduced Mobility 2) intensified land use practices 3) increased trade 4) decreased leisure time 5) technological innovation 6) increased fertility 7) increased nutritional stress 8) increased infectious disease 9) increased social strife
|
|
|
Potlatching
|
competitive feasts hosted by clan leaders, type of ceremonial redistribution, opportunities for leaders to acquire and maintain high status by giving away surpluses, several types of surpluses were implicated
|
|
|
Multi centric Economy
|
an economy divided into multiple spheres of exchange; in NW coast economies, three spheres of exchange existed: 1) subsistence sphere, 2) Material wealth sphere, 3) Prestige sphere; surpluses in any one of these spheres could be converted to another
|
|
|
Hoko River Wet Site
|
Intensive fishing economy, wood carving, storage, fragments of two types of hats: flat type worn historically by common people; knobbed hat worn historically by elite
|
|
|
Technology of Hoko River Wet Site
|
Fish hooks, line float, bent wood hook, anchor stones with cordage, wedge for wood working, basketry/cordage,
|
|
|
Ozette Site, Olympic Peninsula
|
"Pompeii of North America", Multiple occupations saturated and separated by clay strata and finally a massive mud slide at 1750 CE, ancestral site to Makah Indians, Economy emphasizing on whaling, two tiers of settlement, with elite fronting ocean, non-subsistence production items
|
|
|
what suggests ranking?
|
two rows of houses, carvings on houses
|
|
|
Clam Gardens
|
Rocks used to create beach in tidal zone, area where clams favor, increase clam harvest 2-4x, likely that baby clams were being replanted as well
|
|
|
Culturally Modified Trees
|
Cedar very important raw material for construction, extraction of materials from trees had different effects, many can still be seen today in culturally modified trees, planks cut from trees for use in house construction, and for making boxes, bark stripped for making baskets, hats, boxes, cordage, can be dated with dendrochronology
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Environment
|
South and East = wetter North and West = drier
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Social Response
|
emergence of more intensive landscape use focused on aquatic resources, new social tensions relived either through violence or elaboration exchange networks
|
|
|
Sea Level Change
|
sea level rose to 0 over the course of 22,000 years
|
|
|
Shell Mound Archaic
|
intensive exploitation of shellfish, happened between 8900-3200 cal BP, predominantly in the Mid. South in the Southern Ohio River Valley, Tennessee, Duck, Cumberland, Ohio, Harpeth, Green Rivers, 2 other shellfish-intense regions, Savannah River and St. Johns Rivers
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Villages
|
seasonally occupied, a few houses documented at the Riverton site, features are rare! storage pits isolated to a few places outside that SMA heartland, 75-80% of features at Falls of the Ohio sites are either low-intensity hearths or burials
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Burials
|
high frequency of burials at SMA sites, 92% of burials are in shell sites, presence of grave goods has been used, with limited success, to look at social distinctions based on wealth
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Violence
|
varied levels of injuries suggestive of interpersonal violence, skill depression injuries (CDI)= 10.7%, most could be survived, Scalping, embedded bone or stone projectiles (2% or more of populations)
|
|
|
Archaic burial practices and violence
|
high levels of trauma suggest violent interactions, Cheryl Claasen says taking captives to use in rituals, violence was not the only means of dealing with competitive interests
|
|
|
Benton Interaction Sphere
|
centered on Middle TN River and Tombigbee Drainage, southern component involves use of Tallahatta Quartzite for everyday tools, but cache blades still manufactured from Blue/Gray Fort Payne Chert, typically not reused, incorporated at grave goods
|
|
|
Bannerstones
|
an archaic-only technology, function unclear, some used due to breaking patterns, some not used, considerable spatial and temporal variability in form, production, and deposition
|
|
|
Technology and Social Functions of early pottery
|
container, increased interactions between groups, first pots were not used directly over fire, they were simply containers for age-old method of "stone-boiling"
|
|
|
Stallings Culture
|
complex hunter-gatherers, pottery,
|
|
|
Soapstone cooking slabs
|
used cooking slabs instead of pottery over fire, piedmont, coastal plain residents acquired through trade with neighboring groups
|
|
|
Resource intensification
|
stallings island distinct feature, storage pits and refuse pits attest to large quantities of resources being prepared and consumed
|
|
|
Characteristics of monuments
|
ceremonial or sacred landmarks for commemoration; imply intentionally, forethought, sense of history
|
|
|
Shell Rings (5800-3200 cal BP)
|
Atlantic and gulf coastal zones, composed of marine shell, associated with pottery making traditions, shape, size, orientation of shell rings can tell us something about social organization; circular- closed, one side still has more shell than the other, at some sites, each side has a different kind of pottery, U-Shaped- open to one side, highest point of shell is opposite of opening, one side of ring is higher than the other
|
|
|
Mound A at Poverty Point
|
second largest earthworks in North America, considered "culture that didn't fit" because of wide exchange and clear planning in construction
|
|
|
Inequality
|
Differences between people
|
|
|
Modes of Production
|
Simple:Domestic Mode of Production (households are self-sufficient); More Complex: Communal mode of production (several household working together, puts constraints on group fissioning and household autonomy); Even more complex: Tributary mode of production (existence of leaders or elite who require some form of tribute, household thus have to provide not only for themselves but for a group of non producers too)
|
|
|
Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
Food Production (high yield domesticated grains and animals)
|
|
|
Preconditions for Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Resource abundance, 2) Storability, 3)Settlement permanence, 4) High population density, 5)Constraints on fissioning
|
|
|
Consequences of Hunter-Gatherer Complexity
|
1) Reduced Mobility 2) intensified land use practices 3) increased trade 4) decreased leisure time 5) technological innovation 6) increased fertility 7) increased nutritional stress 8) increased infectious disease 9) increased social strife
|
|
|
Potlatching
|
competitive feasts hosted by clan leaders, type of ceremonial redistribution, opportunities for leaders to acquire and maintain high status by giving away surpluses, several types of surpluses were implicated
|
|
|
Multi centric Economy
|
an economy divided into multiple spheres of exchange; in NW coast economies, three spheres of exchange existed: 1) subsistence sphere, 2) Material wealth sphere, 3) Prestige sphere; surpluses in any one of these spheres could be converted to another
|
|
|
Hoko River Wet Site
|
Intensive fishing economy, wood carving, storage, fragments of two types of hats: flat type worn historically by common people; knobbed hat worn historically by elite
|
|
|
Technology of Hoko River Wet Site
|
Fish hooks, line float, bent wood hook, anchor stones with cordage, wedge for wood working, basketry/cordage,
|
|
|
Ozette Site, Olympic Peninsula
|
"Pompeii of North America", Multiple occupations saturated and separated by clay strata and finally a massive mud slide at 1750 CE, ancestral site to Makah Indians, Economy emphasizing on whaling, two tiers of settlement, with elite fronting ocean, non-subsistence production items
|
|
|
what suggests ranking?
|
two rows of houses, carvings on houses
|
|
|
Clam Gardens
|
Rocks used to create beach in tidal zone, area where clams favor, increase clam harvest 2-4x, likely that baby clams were being replanted as well
|
|
|
Culturally Modified Trees
|
Cedar very important raw material for construction, extraction of materials from trees had different effects, many can still be seen today in culturally modified trees, planks cut from trees for use in house construction, and for making boxes, bark stripped for making baskets, hats, boxes, cordage, can be dated with dendrochronology
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Environment
|
South and East = wetter North and West = drier
|
|
|
Middle Holocene Social Response
|
emergence of more intensive landscape use focused on aquatic resources, new social tensions relived either through violence or elaboration exchange networks
|
|
|
Sea Level Change
|
sea level rose to 0 over the course of 22,000 years
|
|
|
Shell Mound Archaic
|
intensive exploitation of shellfish, happened between 8900-3200 cal BP, predominantly in the Mid. South in the Southern Ohio River Valley, Tennessee, Duck, Cumberland, Ohio, Harpeth, Green Rivers, 2 other shellfish-intense regions, Savannah River and St. Johns Rivers
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Villages
|
seasonally occupied, a few houses documented at the Riverton site, features are rare! storage pits isolated to a few places outside that SMA heartland, 75-80% of features at Falls of the Ohio sites are either low-intensity hearths or burials
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Burials
|
high frequency of burials at SMA sites, 92% of burials are in shell sites, presence of grave goods has been used, with limited success, to look at social distinctions based on wealth
|
|
|
Shell Mounds as Violence
|
varied levels of injuries suggestive of interpersonal violence, skill depression injuries (CDI)= 10.7%, most could be survived, Scalping, embedded bone or stone projectiles (2% or more of populations)
|
|
|
Archaic burial practices and violence
|
high levels of trauma suggest violent interactions, Cheryl Claasen says taking captives to use in rituals, violence was not the only means of dealing with competitive interests
|
|
|
Benton Interaction Sphere
|
centered on Middle TN River and Tombigbee Drainage, southern component involves use of Tallahatta Quartzite for everyday tools, but cache blades still manufactured from Blue/Gray Fort Payne Chert, typically not reused, incorporated at grave goods
|
|
|
Bannerstones
|
an archaic-only technology, function unclear, some used due to breaking patterns, some not used, considerable spatial and temporal variability in form, production, and deposition
|
|
|
Technology and Social Functions of early pottery
|
container, increased interactions between groups, first pots were not used directly over fire, they were simply containers for age-old method of "stone-boiling"
|
|
|
Stallings Culture
|
complex hunter-gatherers, pottery,
|
|
|
Soapstone cooking slabs
|
used cooking slabs instead of pottery over fire, piedmont, coastal plain residents acquired through trade with neighboring groups
|
|
|
Resource intensification
|
stallings island distinct feature, storage pits and refuse pits attest to large quantities of resources being prepared and consumed
|
|
|
Characteristics of monuments
|
ceremonial or sacred landmarks for commemoration; imply intentionally, forethought, sense of history
|
|
|
Shell Rings (5800-3200 cal BP)
|
Atlantic and gulf coastal zones, composed of marine shell, associated with pottery making traditions, shape, size, orientation of shell rings can tell us something about social organization; circular- closed, one side still has more shell than the other, at some sites, each side has a different kind of pottery, U-Shaped- open to one side, highest point of shell is opposite of opening, one side of ring is higher than the other
|
|
|
Mound A at Poverty Point
|
largest of four local mounds
|
