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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 types of archaeology |
Cultural, Biological, Linguistics, American |
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What is archeology |
Study of past people's and cultures |
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What is an antiquarian? |
Richer people who traveled and collected ancient "souvenirs" |
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What did Christian Thomsen so? |
Created the 3 age system for his museum |
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What is the 3 age system? |
Breakup of history into 3 parts: stone, iron, and bronze |
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What is Uniformitarianism? |
Theory that everything stated at the same time and progresses at an equal rate by Charles Lyle |
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Who was Charles Lyle, what did he do? |
He wrote "Principles of geology" about how he counted layers of silt by the Mississippi river to disprove the Mosaic Theory, his theory was named Uniformitarianism aka Stone Tools |
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What was the "Principles of Geology"? |
Book by Charles Lyell saying that geological remains should be given context
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W.M.F Pettrie |
Sorted 3000 graves with pots by size and type and used a ladder to arrange the strips of paper with the data |
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Lewis Binford |
Founder of Processual, which was explicitly scientific (stats) |
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Ian Hodder |
Exact opposite of Binford, founded cognitive-processual which focused on the thought process of past peoples and other intagibles |
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Bruce Trigger |
Wrote "Archaeology and the image of the American Indian" describing prejudice against Indians in archaeology and importance of context |
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James Deetz |
Wrote "Deaths Heads, Cherubs and Willow Trees" describing how nothing but gravestones tell, from name, gender, time of living, and religion (from the style) |
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Alfred V. Kidder |
1) Copied Petrie's work in Mexico
2) Created Pecos Conference to help date sites 3) Violated NAGPRA and lost Pecos Conference |
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Tatiana Proskouriakoff |
reconstructed buildings and realized that glyphs told stories of the kings |
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Direct Historical Approach (analysis) |
Compromise of material and cultural analysis |
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Unilinear Cultural Evolution |
"one Line" evolution created by Lewis Morgan, idea of everyone starting at different times but progresses at the same rate |
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Historical approach (process) |
based of of bible and focuses on chronology, discovery, classification, and description |
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Cultural Ecology |
developed by Julian Stewart, big barrel of culture (environment -> subsistence -> Technology -> Social system -> Ideational system |
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Carbon 14 half life |
5,730 ± 40 years |
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Prehistoric archaeologists |
Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Babylonian KIngs |
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Paleoanthropology |
Study of human society within the Paleolithic period |
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Underwater Archaeology |
Study of ancient history that has been found under water |
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Industrial Archaeology |
systematic study of the industrial past
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Archaeobotany |
Use of plant remains to infer upon past cultures |
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zooarchaeology |
study of animal remains to infer upon previous cultuers |
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Pseudoarchaeology |
Use of archaeological terms to sound scientific but are not actually doing anything scientific |
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Culture Concept |
Cultures with definite models based off of the normative view |
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Ecosystems |
An environment in which species would interact |
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Cultural Systems |
cultural ecology, interaction of different culture aspects ex: Artifacts can show the people's values |
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Cultural process |
big barrel of culture Environment -> Subsistence -> Technology ->Social system -> Ideational system |
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Cultural history |
One of the goals of archaeology and can be used to explain cultural change |
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Subsistence (culture barrel) |
2nd level of culture barrel, the materials they can use |
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Environmental modeling |
Using computers to predict changes in a cultural environment
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Artifact |
Man made portable object |
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Features |
Man made non-portable object |
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Ecofacts |
naturally occurring object on an environment |
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Context |
The position at which an artifact found |
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Primary context |
Original position of an artifact in time and space |
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in situ |
Latin for "in its place" |
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Secondary context |
Position of an artifact after being disturbed |
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Ideational Approach (culture) |
Focusing on beliefs, religion, morals, etc. |
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Adaptive Approach (culture) |
Focusing on how the society has adapted to their surroundings |
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Invention (Cultural History) |
That culture developed technology without the help of the outside |
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Diffusion (Cultural History) |
Everything started in one place and spread out from there (provides a link between all cultures) |
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Migration (Cultural History) |
Everything started from one place and people moved away willingly, retaining the majority of the original culture (hard to prove because of burial rituals and food processes and such) |
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Processual Archaelogy |
Created by Lewis Binford and focused purely on the stats and physical means |
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Systems theory |
Culture can always be broken down into subsystems |
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Multilinear cultural evolution |
Cultures develop along paths provided by the environment |
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Postprocessual Archaeology |
Umbrella term to get around the defects of processual (includes historical, gender studies, marxist, and agency) |
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Agency (Cultural evolution) |
Extraordinary people influenced culture either before that culture began or during its course |
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Ethnicity studies |
Studies of subcultures |
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Cognitive- Processual Archaeology |
Founded by Ian Hodder and focused on the mental and other intangible parts of culture |
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Evolutionary Archaeology |
interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behavior
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Relative chronology |
chronology strung together by which one is older, typically done from law of super position |
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Law of super position |
If something is above something else, it is newer |
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Stratigraphy |
Layers of depth are equal to amounts of time |
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Seriation techniques |
dendocrinology, stratigraphy,cultural deposits |
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Cross-dating techniques |
Using another method of dating as a reference |
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Dendochronology |
Using tree rings to date something |
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AMS dating |
Uses a mass spectrometer to determine the amount of C14 there is in a sample |
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Obsidian hydration |
Measures the amount of water in obsidian to tell how old it is |
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ThermoLuminescence |
Measures the amount of luminescence compared to the original dosage to date the object |
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Potassium-argon dating |
measures the decay of K into Ar, useful for dating anything older than 100,000 years |
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3 stages of fieldwork |
Find site -> asses site -> excavate site |
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Bulb of percussion |
The area in which the applied Force ripples out |
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Core (flaking) |
Starting material |
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Striking Platform |
Area of the core that gets struck |
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Flake |
The result of hitting a core to chip a piece off |
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Pressure flaking |
Applying pressure to the core rather than hitting it |
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Experimental archaeology |
Tests hypothesis by replicating past tools and situations |
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Use-wear analysis |
technique to identify the functions of tools by looking at their surfaces and edges |
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Topographic mapping |
measuring and representing an area in 2D |
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Contour lines |
Lines that represent a change in height on a map |
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Elevation |
height above sea level |
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True North vs Magnetic North |
Magnetic North is always changing and True North is the accepted North |
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Declination of a compass |
How far off the compass is from true North |
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Normative view |
a view of ethics were you think about the principles that apply |
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Normal Distribution |
The area under a bell curve |
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Mean |
the average of a set |
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Median |
the middle of a set |
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Mode |
the value within a set that occurs the most |
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PP/K |
projectile points or knives |
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Seriation |
placing objects in a relative chronological order |
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Battle ship curves |
Shows the frequency over time of several objects |
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Style importance in relative dating |
When something becomes popular, everyone has it in that short peiod of time |
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Midden |
ancient trash |
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Walking survey |
walking over a site to do a surface collection of artifacts |
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Sampling (random and cluster) |
Taking the data from either random random places or a designated area |
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techniques of remote sensing |
EDM (elec dist measuring), GPS, GIS (geo info system), IR, UV, ground penetrating radar |
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GIS (geographic information system) |
A device to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. |
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Electromagnetic Survey |
Recording the spatial variation in the earth to map out structures |
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Ground penetrating radar |
Recording changes in density of the earth to see if there is any remains |
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Excavation |
Digging up the remains of a site |
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Test pit |
A small area to dig in to find artifacts |
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Vertical excavation |
Digging straight down to determine the chronology of the site |
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Horizontal excavation |
Digging across to find out more about a specific time |
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EDM |
a device that measures the distance and elevation change between 2 points |
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Tell (Arabic word) |
Mound created by human occupation over centuries |
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NAGPRA |
1990 law requiring permission if a Native American body is found |
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How did Petrie set up his pot system, what are the flaws |
He took all graves with more than 5 pots, record the style and size. Put data on strips of paper and put on a ladder. Flaws: only looked at upper class |
