Archaeology Of The Southwest

Front 1

For how many years were the burial rooms at Pueblo Bonito used?

Back 1

300-400

Front 2

Which of the following is the most common explanation for the abandonment of the Four Corners region?

Back 2

A period of climate change known as the Great Drought

Front 3

What are two features in Pueblo Bonito's room 33 that cause it to be seen as a microcosm of Chaco religious beliefs?

Back 3

1) four ritual posts distributed at each corner, marking the directional symbolism
2) two of the bodies are beneath the wooden floor with a hole in it - signifying upper and lower worlds

Front 4

What is the common explanation for why people left the Four Corners region around 1325, and why does it not make sense?

Back 4

Drought, but people left before that

Front 5

What are 2 explanations for the disarticulated remains found in Pueblo Bonito, and what is one argument against these

Back 5

Pepper said the disarticulated bones were a result of water flow through the rooms. An argument against this would be the dryness of the rooms as well as the excellent preservation of wooden objects such as arrows and staffs.

Judd said that raiders/looters came through and disturbed the burials in the rooms; however an argument against this would be the turquoise left in some of the main rooms. Logically the looters should have gotten the turquoise in the large rooms before taking it from the small rooms.

Front 6

Name two Chaco-like settlements built at the beginning of the 12th century outside of Chaco

Back 6

Wallace, Ida-Jean, Aztec Ruins, Salmon Ruins

Front 7

The 13th and 14th centuries in the Southwest were marked by:

Back 7

A migration towards defensible habitations

Front 8

Between the 13th and 14th centuries, may changes occur in the Southwest. One change is that the number of kivas per rooms in the avg pueblo _________

Back 8

decreases

Front 9

List three reasons why Casas Grandes (or Paquime) is unique

Back 9

1) mounds that are not round or rectangular
2) water system that runs through the site
3) strangely shaped rooms
4) large macaw pens
5) large stone pits for roasting agave

Front 10

Describe features of the sites found in Tsegi Canyon, and name two of them

Back 10

Hidden until you are right next to them, rock art depictions of shields, terracing, mesa top sites, communication by fire or reflection
(Betatakin, Six Foot)

Front 11

What is the difference between inalienable objects and prestige objects?

Back 11

Inalienable: circulate but not exchanged, knowledge passed down in a specific way, often related to ritual

Prestige: involved in economic transactions, give status to owner

Front 12

Give two examples of inalienable objects in Pueblo society

Back 12

altars, ceremonial clothing, staffs, wands

Front 13

Name 2 points of evidence that Plog and Heitman use to support their argument for social stratification in Chaco Canyon

Back 13

1. Larger # of small-house burials than previously thought, and a significant cosmological differentiation between small-house burials and large-house burials.

2) Radiocarbon and tree-ring dates point to earlier construction of great-houses than previously thought, indicating social structure existed 150-200 years prior to dates previously thought

Front 14

Turner described six criteria for detecting whether a skeleton may have been the victim of cannibalism practice. Name two

Back 14

Possible Answers:
1. burning on outside of skeleton head but not inside
2. sharp fractures in skull rather than dull breaks
3. distinctive scraping found on bone since it was likely smashed between stones
4. V-shaped grooves etched in bone fragments
5. length of human bone fragments same as animal bone fragments (possibly due to size of pot cooked in later)
6. pot polish found on bone fragments from stirring in cooking ware

Front 15

What is the house society model, and how do the burials at Pueblo Bonito fit this?

Back 15

- burials referencing origins, ancestors, cosmology
- association of burials over hundreds of years
- legitimizing leadership of key individuals

Front 16

The number of trees archaeologists have estimated were used to build all of the great houses in Chaco:

Back 16

200,000

Front 17

The Chaco _____ links Chaco, Aztec Ruin, and Casas Grandes as sequential centers

Back 17

Meridian

Front 18

What is the purpose of the Solstice Project in Chaco?

Back 18

To study orientations, internal geometry, and interrelationships of the major Chacoan great houses for possible astronomical significance

Front 19

What was going on in the Hohokam region during the 12th century?

Back 19

Populations rose but became more concentrated, old sites were abandoned and new ones were settled, greater #s of inhumations, more red ware pottery, many ornate ritual objects disappeared, fewer ballcourts, more platform mounds

Front 20

What happened during the Pueblo revolt?

Back 20

1680 in the Rio Grande valley, 12 unstable years of freedom from Spanish, pueblos moved to mesa tops

Front 21

This site shows significant evidence for cannibalism

Back 21

Mancos River site

Front 22

What is one argument for the development of kachina rituals

Back 22

To integrate people coming from different regions and forming a new identity

Front 23

In what ways does pottery decoration change during the 14th century?

Back 23

Black on white geometric patterns to white on black on red with naturalistic themes

Front 24

Draw and explain the two graphs that Prof. Plog used to discuss population stability at Pueblo sites

Back 24

see notes?

Front 25

Describe Wijiji and how it fits into the abandonment narrative

Back 25

c. 1110 AD, built all at once, symmetrical, few kivas, no large trash mounds, no fancy masonry, built right at the end of Chaco era

Front 26

Archaeological evidence of shifts in Hohokam life:

Back 26

- more burial of the dead vs cremation
- more red-ware pottery vs red on buff
- ornate ritual artifacts disappearing
- fewer ballcourts, more platform mounds
- more enclosed rectangle dwellings