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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 areas of study in archaeology, from easiest to hardest
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technology, subsistence, social organization, ideological systems
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What is the fundamental tool for interpretation in archaeology?
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analogy
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3 sources for analogy
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ethnographic/ethnohistoric literature, ethnoarchaeology, experimental archaeology
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2 groups of analogy types
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general/specific, formal/relational
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general analogy
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A generalized comparison that can be shown across many cultural traditions
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what do you need to show in a general analogy?
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similarity in cultural and environmental setting
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specific analogy
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A specific comparison within a given culture (then vs. now)
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what do you need to show in a specific analogy?
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similarity in cultural and environmental setting, show cultural continuity
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formal analogy is justified by...
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...similarities in form
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relational analogy is justified by...
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...close cultural continuity or cultural form
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social theory comes from...
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...general studies of human behaviors/societies then and now
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archaeological theory comes from...
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...observations and assumptions about patterning in archaeological record
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3 parts of environment
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physical, biological, social
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3 parts of physical environment
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landforms, bodies of water, atmosphere
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2 parts of social environment
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physical, conceptual
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humans interacting with physical/natural environment
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physical social environment
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an environment defined by human behaviors
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conceptual social environment
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study of the interaction between societies and the environment
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cultural ecology
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culture uses ____ to adapt
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technology
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environmental determinism
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environment determines behavior
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reconstructing a past environment
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paleoenvironmental reconstruction
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3 tools for paleoenvironmental reconstruction
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pollen cores, animal remains, technological reconstruction
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analyze pollen cores from ____ to ____
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top, bottom
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in using animal remains to reconstruct a paleoenvironment...
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...look for species restricted to certain environments
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3 ways to study resource use
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optimal, analogy, empirical
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put value on species in a reconstructed environment to study resource use
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optimal method
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use archaological data to study resource use
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empirical method
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3 architectural forms at chaco that helped explain social/economic organization
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dumps, kivas, great kiva
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at chaco, great kiva was used to...
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...bring everyone in the pueblo together
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at chaco, kivas were used as...
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meeting places for religious societies
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N canyon wall at chaco
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walls eroded into cliffs, topped by plateaus
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S canyon walls at chaco
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gentle cliffs with absorbent earth underneath
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2 areas of study in economic practices
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subsistence, exchange
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basic social unit
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group
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a group can be...
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...residential or nonresidential
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3 broad areas of social/political behavior
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gender, kinship, social status
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in bilateral descent, what is the important economic unit?
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nuclear family
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in patrilineal descent, what is the important economic unit?
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lineage
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in matrilineal descent, what is the important economic unit?
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lineage
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patrilineal descent is characterized by warfare...
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...internally
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matrilineal descent is characterized by warfare...
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with distant enemies
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clans
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see selves as descended from common ancestor
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moities
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2 clans that perform reciprocal ceremonial obligations for each other
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2 types of social status
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ascribed, achieved
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2 societal setups
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egalitarian, ranked
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a small-scale egalitarian society is called a...
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...band
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in the cargo system...
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...one person carries out and pays for religious ceremonies
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in an egalitarian society, everyone is...
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...related
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in a ranked society, everyone is...
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descended from a common, rvered ancestor
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in a stratified society, everyone is...
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...not related
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what determines status in an egalitarian society?
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age, gender, personal achievement
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what determines status in a ranked society?
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closeness of relationship to ancestor
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what determines status in a stratified society?
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social class
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3 reconstruction methods of population size/density
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analogy, burial data, carrying capacity calculations
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