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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 steps of processing artifacts and ecofacts
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cleaning, conservation, labeling, inventory, cataloging
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what 2 kinds of finds are usually processed in 5 steps?
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artifacts, ecofacts
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why is cleaning done?
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to remove obscuring traces of the matrix from the remains.
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why is conservation done?
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to ensure the preservation of recovered materials
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what is conservation dependant on?
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the type of material
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why is labeling done?
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to track a removed find
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a designation that links an artifact of ecofact back to the excavation
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label
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how does one inventory?
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document the numbers and types of remains recovered from a site.
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when one inventories, finds can be sorted into general types by _____ or _____.
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material, industry
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what are the 5 ways to sort in an inventory?
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lithic, ceramic, metal, floral, faunal
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a complete qualitative and quantitative documentation of artifacts and ecofacts
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cataloguing
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what is cataloging done prior to?
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formal analysis
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what is cataloguing usually done with?
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coding sheets designed for the particular materials
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qualitative uses...
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...descriptive attributes
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quantitative uses...
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...measurable attributes
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where does feature documentation occur?
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on site
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documentation of a feature usually results in...
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...destruction of that feature
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feature "fill" is
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a form of matrix that is within the confines of a feature
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feature fill is removed from a feature to (2 reasons)
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show size/shape of feature, reveal materials inside feature
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the placing of material into categories of types that can be used for identification and comparison
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classification
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2 types of classification
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primary, secondary
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primary classification is based on...
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...directly observed attributes
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secondary classification is based on...
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...inferred or analytic attributes
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5 ways to primary classify
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decoration, shape/form, texture, method of manufacture, raw material
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3 ways to secondary classify
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function, meaning, chemical make-up
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which of the 3 ways to secondary classify are not attributes?
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function, meaning
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what are the 4 objectives of classification?
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impose order, analyze objects based on shared attributes, define differences, suggest relationships
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3 attribute categories
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stylistic, form, technological
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observable (qualitative) or measurable (quantitative) characteristics of physical remains
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attributes
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3 stylistic attributes
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color, texture, decoration
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form attributes include...
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physical characteristics and measurable dimensions
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technological attributes include...
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raw material characteristics and method of manufacture
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2 methods of classification
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taxonomic, paradigmatic
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takes your initial artifact class (i.e. pottery) and breaks it down into smaller and smaller groups based on the presence/absence of selected attributes
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taxonomic classification
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all attributes have equal weight and are presented in a table to avoid the implications of the hierarchy
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paradigmatic classification
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The culmination of classification is the generation of ____
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typologies
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the recognition and definition of shared similarities among artifacts
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typology
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types can be based on ____, ____, and/or _____ attributes
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stylistic, form, and/or technological
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3 kinds of types
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morphological, temporal, functional
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in morphological typing, artifacts are grouped based on...
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...overall similarity
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in temporal typing, artifacts are grouped based on...
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...time period
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in functional typing, artifacts are grouped based on...
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...activity
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morphological types are generally independent of...
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...function or chronological significance
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temporal typing can be used to tell you...
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...the general time period a site was occupied
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functional types can...
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exist in association with a particular site/time period or independent of it
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Archaeologists used projectile point typology at Gatecliff because they wanted to...
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classify projectile points to make temporal types (time-markers) to test against radiocarbon dates
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temporal types can estimate ages where _____ can't
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radiocarbon dating
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An individual characteristic that distinguishes one artifact from another on the basis of its size, surface texture, form, material, method of manufacture, and design pattern (measurable or observable qualities of an object)
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attribute
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3 attributes of projectile points
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size, notch position, notch angle
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point types are named by...
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the archaeologists who create them
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first name of a projectile point refers to...
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site or region they were first discovered
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last name of a projectile point refers to...
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morphological characteristic
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3 characteristics of a typology
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minimize differences within, maximize differences between; must be objective/explicit
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what is the best way to minimize differences within and maximize differences between types?
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statistical analyses
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temporal types provide us with...
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...index fossils
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assigning time ranges to projectile point types turns ______types into _____types
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morphological, temporal
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Who integrated chronological information into a regional framework?
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Willey and Phillips
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Large regions defined primarily in terms of what people ate (early 20th century)
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culture areas
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Regions within a cultural area whose material culture (e.g., house styles, settlement patterns, ceramics, or subsistence) differed from one another
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Sub-culture areas/traditions/archaeological cultures
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archaeological cultures divide...
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...space
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periods divide...
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...time
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A length of time distinguished by particular items of material culture
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period
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Major cultural transitions, such as the appearance of ceramics, settled life, or agriculture
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horizons
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phases combine...
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...space and time
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An archaeological construct possessing traits sufficiently characteristic to distinguish it from other units similarly conceived; spatially limited to roughly a locality or region and chronologically limited to the briefest interval of time possible
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phase
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A block of time that is characterized by one or more distinctive artifact types
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phase
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phases are defined by...
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...temporal types
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items of material culture that show patterned changes over time
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temporal types
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derive temporal types by...
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...grouping individual artifacts into morphological types and then testing them against independent data
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Types of artifacts that change systematically and observably through time
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time markers
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A collection of artifacts of one or several classes of materials (e.g., stone tools, ceramics, bones) that comes from a defined context, such as a site, feature, or stratum
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assemblages
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An archaeological construct consisting of a stratum or set of strata that are presumed to be culturally homogeneous
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component
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you can cluster assemblages into...
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...components
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A culturally homologous unit within a single site
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component
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components are ____ specific
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site
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_____ are the basic units of space-time systematics
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phases
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____ are ways to track spatial and temporal change in human cultural behavior
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phases
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_____ are a first step toward developing ideas about regional patterns and trends
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phases
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length of a phase depends on...
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...kind of archaeological remains and our contemporary knowledge of those remains
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____ phases tend to be shorter than ____ phases
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young, old
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chronological control is better for ____ material
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younger
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phases always defined _____
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provisionally
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When divisions in a phase are recognized, initial phase is divided into ____
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subphases
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patterning falls along 3 dimensions:
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space, time, form
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A culture from the Middle Paleolithic period that appeared throughout Europe after 250,000 and before 30,000 years ago.
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mousterian
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____ artifacts are frequently associated with Neanderthal human remains.
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mousterian
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