Archaeology Midterm Study

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Theoretical Perspective

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Answering questions about history, using scieitific techniques to study contexttual artifacts

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culture concept

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system of values, symbols, beliefs, and customs that define society.

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4 field approach

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archaeological, biological, linguistic, ethnological (cult)

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culture history

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reconstruction of a culture with respect to events in a specific period in time.

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lifeways

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Way of life in the civilization

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explanation of culture process

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Reasons as to why significant events and processes happen in a culture.

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scientific method and research design

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hypothesis, prediction, experiment

Hint 7

makes me sick

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context

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artifacts. Archaeologists use artifacts to discover a culture within society, without using laws, beliefs, non tangible as context.

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vertical and horizontal strategy

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the profiling of buried land segments by systematically dividing them into sections.

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paleoethnobotany

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the study of plant remains from archaeological sites. The major research themes are recovery and identification of plant remains, the use of wild plants, the origins of agriculture and domestication, and the co-evolution of human-plant interactions.

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flotation

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using water to process soil or feature fill to recover artifacts. Dried soil is placed on a screen, the water is gently bubbled up through the soil. Seeds, charcoal and other light material (called the light fraction) float off, and tiny pieces of stone called microliths or micro-debitage, bone fragments, and other relatively heavy materials (called the heavy fraction) are left behind.

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experimental archaeology

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Experimental archaeology employs a number of different methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches in order to generate and test hypotheses or an interpretation, based upon archaeological source material, like ancient structures or artifacts.

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zooarchaeology

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the study of animal remains from archaeological sites. The remains consist primarily of the hard parts of the body such as bones, teeth, and shells. Such remains may represent the food refuse of ancient populations as well as animals used for transportation, farm labor, clothing, decoration, or pets.

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catastrophism

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is the theory that Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope.brupt faunal changes geologists saw in rock strata were the result of periodic devastations that wiped out all or most extant species, each successive period being repopulated with new kinds of animals and plants, by God's hand

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uniformitarianism

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implies that cultural material buried under deep layers of earth must have been deposited there very long ago.

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antiquarians

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those concerned with the collection and studies of antiquitites.

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natural philosophers

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explorations tests their beliefs, where early natural science began. Not fully fledges scholars, were leisurely people with interest in culture

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Unilineal cultural Evolution

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darwinian logic "social darwinism" applied to societies, concept of progress through SELECTION see april 6 lecture p 3

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New "processual" archaeology

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-culture: man's extrasomatic means of adaptation
-views of culture functionally; as adaptive systems
-comparative methods can reveal common processes in cultural evolution

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Multilineal cultural evolution

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see p.4
Uni vs. multi see p 8