Archaeology Final Exam

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The Munsell System:

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The standard system for measuring color in archaeology, based on hue, chroma and value

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NISP

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Acrynom for number of identified specimens

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Absolute Dating:

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Dating that provides specific dates or range of dates, in years. Examples of aboslute dating include denchrononology, radiocarbon dating, and potassium/argon dating

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Prehistory in Order in Early Civilizations:

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Sumerians(5,100, eygypt(500), minonians(4000), asia(4,400)

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Paleolithic:

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the time period from about 2.5 million-11,00- yrs ago. Commonly refred to as the old stonaged and subdivided into lower, middle and upper paleolithic

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Geological Epochs:

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Holocene, pleistocene, pliocene, miocene, oligocene, eocene, and paleocene

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Prehistory culture:

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4.4 million yrs ago = australopithecus

4.2 mill-1mill= austrapithecus

2.5 mill yrs ago= tools to sharpen sticks or dig roots

500,000 yrs ago hand axe, hunting and fire control

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Ritual:

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human remains burried
27,000-12,000 yrs go cave art

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Horizon:

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a descriptive unit reflecting cultural coninuity ofver a broad area, typically from several hundred to a few thousan years ago

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First human culture=

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4.4 million yrs ago

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Best method fo dating remains from 10,000-30,000 yrs ago

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radio carbon dating

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domestication in plants

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bigger in size

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domestication in animals

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smaller in size

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archaeological settlement patterns:

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prove prehistoric use and occupancy of an area

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Generalized foraging:

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substenance based on a wide variety of plants and animals

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Complex foraging:

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substenance based on a wide variety of plants and animals but specializing on one type

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Pastoralism:

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substinence based on herding of animals

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Egalitarian:

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general foragers which have less then 50 peopel that move lots

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Conceptual frame works broken into 3 things

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Low level research:
middle level research:
high level research:

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Low level research:

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the least explicitly theoritical spect of archaeology. incldues most kinds of field and laboratory work and the reconstruction of culture history

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middle-level reserach:

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attempts to understand the patterning of material remians, primarily through enthnoarchaeology, experimental archaeology and study from taphonomy

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high-level research

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focuses on explaining significant evetns in the human past and understanding how various parts of ucltures influence each other and why culture changes

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Conceptual FrameWorks:

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A heuristic paradgim. rule of thumb for starting resarch

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materialist framework

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dominant.
everything is triggred through ecological sphere

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social frameworks:

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everything chagned through socvial factors

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ideological frameworks

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everything changed through culture/ecological/social factors all in mind

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What was the article about Microwear Polishes about?

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Hominids using tolls and these tools were curical in learning more about hominid behavior.it is speculated these tools were used for cutting and eating meat/cutting/eating soft plant material. Implications tools were used to create wooden tools such as spears or digging sticks.

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what was Pottery and it's history about?

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theories of how pottery was used. Soil crusts to be used as bowls. Decorations that resemble contrainers made of other materials. Soils as body paint.

--> classifictory studies, decrotive analyiss and technical analysis

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Hobbits:

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Women found in caves with small skulls comapred to body. speculated hobbits, but just turned out to be considered medical problem

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what was AFrican American Ethnicity about?

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focusing too much on ethnic markers
acculturation, creolization and dominance/resistancem odels

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What was Pirate Imagery about?

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The deception of pirates and the inability to tell them from other sailors from their sunken ships.

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What was the Ancient maya nad political presnense about?

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1960's: ecological culture and depletion of mayan peopels resources. militarization. imperialist invaders teotihucan

1970's: stirring of womens movement, peaking of agriculture and population leading to over farming of land and soils and religious prophesies which told of the doooms day of mayan society

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What is "were luxuary foods the first domesticates?" about?

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luxury foods= domesticated animals/plants in early society

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Why does rock art have worth to shamans?

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it is used to manipulate supernatural forces and ensure continued ferility of herd animals and sucessful hunts

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what is indicators of ritual

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anythign which involves burying human remains or cave art

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Capa cotcha

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inca child sacrifice

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tephenation

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nail holes into human skull

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Why is pottery not seen in foraging sites?

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relatively heavy and foragers move a lot

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Carrying Capacity in Archaeology?

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carrying capacity of their environment.