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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Objectives of object classification
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1. Organizing data into manageable units
2. Describing types 3. Identifying relationships between types. 4. Studying assemblage variability in the archaeological record |
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Typology
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A system of classification based on construction of types.
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Type
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A group of artifacts based on form, chronology, function, and style
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Aim of typology
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Classification which permits comparison. Allows archaeologist to assign the assemblage with other time in space.
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Rough sort
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Basic yes/no right after dig.
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Types of types
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1. Descriptive types
2. Chronological types 3. Functional types 4. Stylistic types |
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Descriptive types
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Based on the form of the artifact, using physical or external properties.
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Chronological types
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Defined by decoration or form, but they are TIME MARKERS. Only use something in one particular period.
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Functional types
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Based on cultural use or role. Ex. fork and spoon both used for eating utensils!
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Stylistic types
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Use changing styles (like clothing or pottery) for classification. Can be the most troublesome. Battleship curves! Only as a last resort.
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Date of the Trojan War
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1250 BC.
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When Homer wrote about the Trojan war
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8th century BC. Recording an oral tradition being handed down for five centuries.
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Story of Trojan War
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Troy has King Prima. Priam has son called Paris (Alexander). Paris goes to Sparta ruled by Menelaus. Menelaus leaves Helen with Paris and goes to Crete on a business trip. Comes back and he's gone!
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Catalogue of Ships
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Says how many ships were brought to the Trojan war. Half the sites they mentioned in the catalogue were no longer around when Homer was living. Thought to be an accurate bronze-age document that was handed down.
1167 ships! |
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8th century vase
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From 750, shows how Trojan War already embedded in greek culture. Already has wooden horse!
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How many cities of Troy?
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Nine!
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Oldest Troy?
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3,000 years ago!
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Heinrich Schliemann
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Called the father of archaeology
Died in 1890 Wanted to find Troy since he was seven. Made a fortune being a middleman in the gold rush |
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What Schliemann was looking for
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Troy! (duh)
-A site small enough for Hector and Achilles to run around even times Looking for a place for hot warer |
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Hisarlik
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Property of Frank Calvert. BUT, Calvert never mentioned as person who owned Troy.
In about 1990, Susan Allen restored Calvert in the historical record of finding Troy. |
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Why Troy two isn't Priam's
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Schliemann threw out Troy 6 or 7. There are some big stones, similar to those at Mycenaean Troy. There are also stones like that six inches from the top. But he didn't realize that the later people that lived at the site leveled off the top of the mound every time they rebuilt. Greeks and Romans took off 20 - 30 feet of earth to build their temples!
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Troy Two
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Gate wide enough for two chariots to drive through side by side?
2200 - 2400 BC. Waaaay too early. Found "Priam's Treasure", which was neither Priam's nor treasure. Theory is that Priam's treasure comes from at least eight different spots on the site. |
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Priam's treasure
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Not Priam's, not treasure. Theory that treasure comes from at least 8 different spots on the site.
Gold Sauceboat, hair spirals, lots of earrings, necklace, tiaras, etc. Dressed wife in ENTIRE treasure. Disappeated after WW2...only found in the 90s when Russians said that they had it. In years 2200 - 2300 BCE, common culture throughout Mesopotamia. Same culture as death pits of Ur! |
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Wilhelm Dörpfeld
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Started digging at Troy in 1893
Told Schliemann that the real Troy was Troy number Six. Excavated the rest when Schliemann died. Some of the bits of the city match what Homer said, like the handholds and footholds on the wall! Homer talks about a weak stretchof wall where Agamemnon keeps attacking. One part of the wall that isn't repaired? |
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Where Homer wasn't accurate
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Heroes driving up to battle on a chariot, getting off of chariot and fighting. But back in the late bronze Age, use chariots like tanks. Guys fighting FROM the chariots!
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Pillar House
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Dörpfeld found house with pillar in the middle of it at Troy. Would have held the roof at one point.
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Mycenaean pottery at Troy
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Before fighting began, Troy and Greece were trade allies! Paris went over to act as a trade embassy. Dörpfeld used to help date the site.
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Subsection of Troy VI
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About 550 years old. There's a VIa - h VIh would have been Priam's troy, if any of them are.
At lesat 11 dates ranging from 13885 to 1185. Troy VIIa is destroyed in 1175 to 1180. Fits with statistical probability of being Priam's Troy. Water would have been a LOT closer to Troy. Current in Black sea flows the wrong way. Everyone had to pass through Troy and wait to go through, Trojans taxed them and gave them hosue and board |
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Carl Blegan
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Excavated troy in the 1930s
Decided that Dörpfeld was wrong. Blegan said that Troy 6 wasn't destroyed by humans, but an earthquake. Troy 7 was definitely destroyed by humans. Arrowhead in the walls, bodies in the streets. Troy 7 and 6 are about same size, same material culture. Same people still living here. Mycenaeans would have brought new culture? Big huge houses subdivided in Troy 7. Holes dug in first floor to have more storage space. Looked like a city under seige! Troy 7b completely different culture. Whoever destroyed 7a was whole new people. |
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Manfred Korfmann
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Excavated Troy from 1988 until almost now.
Didn't care about Trojan war. Wen tback with high-tech fun toys. Excavated Schliemann's hole into strategraphic layers. Did an intensive foot survey Showed that Troy is about 10 times larger than we thought it was! Excavated in the "Lower City" Found fortification around Troy with high-tech instruments. Turned out to be a defensive ditch and not a wall. Filled up iwth crap from last 3k - 4k years. Found water tunnel, stuff from Troy 7. Found piece of writing that was in the city after 7a. |
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What Korfmann found in the lower city
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-Arrowheads, slingstones, skeletons. Announced that he had found the Trojan War!
but couldn't tell if it was Troy 6 or 7 because the culture was so similar. |
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Frank Kolb
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Said that Korfmann was digging in the wrong place for Troy.
University put Troy on trial! At the end of the trial, Korfmann and Kolb got into a fistfight |
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Trojan Horse
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Was it an earthquake? If it isn't a military machine, what is it? Did the Mycenaeans take advantage of the earthquake? God of the sea = Poseidon! Made earthquake into metaphor?
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Four things to look at to get at ancient subsistence and diet
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1) Environmental Data (what can be grown, what animals can eat, when a site was abandoned by how much grain is in siloh and what kind, irrigation/natural water, et.c)
2) Animal Bones 3) Plant remains 4) Human bones (know about vitamins and minerals that are injested, can tell certain diseases like Malaria or TB, body size, good or bad nutrition, types of wear on teeth, ripping and tearing or grinding) 5) Feces (coprolites) 6) Artifacts used for processing food, killing animals, etc. 7) Rock art, if they're being accurate. |
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Jerusalem toilet from 586 BC.
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Two holes in the seat! Unisex? For children and adults?
People eating "backyard plants" Was suffering from tapeworm and whipworm |
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"backyard plants"
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plants that would grow in your backyard, usualy as a weed. Cabbages, dandelions, mustardgrass,etc. Consumed by users of jerusalem toilet. City was under siege, couldn't get out to grow wheat and barley!
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Users of Jerusalem toilet suffering from tapeworm and whipworm
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caused by undercooked/underprepared beef or pork (but probably beef because it's Jerusalem)
Caused by food contaminated by fecal matter. When you start using ferilizer with human poo, not a good idea! If under siege for 18 months, could have resorted to this. Not enough water to wash hands? What we can guess: probably a lack of water and/or fuel. If they hadn't known the city was under siege, could they have come to these conclusions? |
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Area L "Stables"
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In Megiddo.
Could have been army b arracks isntead of stables?Storehouses? Thought they might have been stables because they had troughs, with signs of "cribbing". Lots of pebbles where horses woul dbe standing so horse pee wouldn't run everywhere. Should still be potassium and barium from earth from horse excretion. They DID, but control samples were high too. |
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Palynology
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Pollen analysis!
Sophisticated way of studying environment and human impacts on natural vegetation. can reconstruct ancient vegetational change and see how people adapted to shifting climatic conditions. Grains of each genus/species present are counted, and resulting numbers are correlated iwtih stratigraphic layers of the excavation and data from natural vegetational sequences to provide a sequence of vegetational change for the site. Can tell when people domesticated plants and animals. Figure out what ancient/modern species are there. |
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Neolithic revolution
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Between 10,000 BC and 8000 BC. Figured out how to grow stuff. Things growing in trash pile. Undigested remains. Takes new tools to process domesticated plants and animals. Sheep and goat probably first domesticated.
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Flotation
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Almost like panning for gold.
Dump soil in, seeds and stuff float to the top because lighter. Put in cheese cloth, hang to dry. |
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Zooarchaeology
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Animal bones! Background in paleontology or zoology. What species? How many of each species? Male or female?
Counting bones by MNI or NISP |
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NISP
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Number of identified specifmins
Count number of bones or bone fragments from each species. this is just for solid counting. You can't tell if you have more pigs than lions or whatnot. Not incredibly accurate in terms of telling you what bones are in the pile. |
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MNI
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Fuckin' awesome.
Minimum number of individuals what is the minimum number of animals that could be there? Three left feet, three individuals! |
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Diet
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What is eaten
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Nutrition
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The ability of a diet to maintain the body in its environment
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Geoarchaeology
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Study of archaeology using methods and concepts of eath sciences, plays a major role in reconstruction ancient environments and long- and short-term climatic change.
if the climate changes, what you're eating and growing might not be around anymore! |
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Future Archaeology
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"The World Without Us" by Alan Weisman
Imagine what world will be like after we leave. "Life After People", "Motel of Mysteries" |
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Terracotta Warriors
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Found by local person digging for well
In Xi'an, from era of First Emperor Qin, in 210 BCE When they started excavating, realized that 14 mounds in a row were probably tombs. Sent Chinese archaeology students to Europe and America to get good degrees, then had them come back. Related to Death pits of Ur - take warriors with you to death. Warriors modeled after actual people, 85 different artists! Found smacked by weight of earth. Some of the men were painted! |
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Earlobes of the Terracotta Warriors
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All different. 20% have square lobes, equal to % of Chinese that have square lobes!
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What the Terracotta Warriors were holding
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Probably perishable things. Bow, sear, standard/flag. Stuff stolen? Doubtful.
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Headless Terracotta Warriors
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From the fabled Headless Army. Still under construction? Died before completed?
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Armless Terracotta Warriors
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Completely different from first pit. Arms made out of precious material? Arms perishable? Could have just broken off? Might have been gesturing something and were delicate?
Totally different style. Tiny and naked and painted and armless. Not related to other pit at all? |
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Otzi the Iceman
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Found in 1991 in the Alps.
Dates to 3200. Before both pyramids and Bronze Age! Was dug out with a ski pole (no context D:) Found lots of stuff with him. Broken bones, some missing body parts. Was tattooed! Probably ritual and healing type of tattoos. Grew lots of fungus when he warmed up. About 5'2", somewhere between 25 and 40, weighed about 120 lbs, or at least what's left of him. |
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How was Otzi the Iceman found?
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There had been a sandstorm in the Sahara desert. Came down over the alp. When it hit the ice, it hit the sunlight and created a lot of warmth.
From before the |
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How did Otzi the Iceman die?
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Found an arrowhead lodged behind his back under his left clavicle. Died of blood loss.
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What the ice preserved on Otzi
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Preserved wood, air. Could even tell that he had a haircut from loose hairs on clothes. Little booties stuffed with grass to keep feet warm. Carried around an entire medicine chest!
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Low-level theory
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The actual facts. Observations that emerge from basic archaeological fieldwork. The actual "Data" or "facts" of archaeology. Just the facts.
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High-level theory
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Theories that processualists ad post-processualists trying to come up with. General and over-arching theories.
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Mid-level theory
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Try to link low-level and high-level. Figure out how to interpret what we find. We have 10k pot scherds,w hat kinds of hypotheses can you make out of that? 90% of theory is mid-level
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Ethnoarchaeology
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live among contemporary communities with the specific purpose of understanding how societies use material culture - how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, etc.
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Problem with ethnoarchaeology
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People living today might not be doing things the same way!
Uniformitarianism: same processes that help certain processes go on ages ago, they go on that way now |
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Richard Gould
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Was digging in California on a site where descendants lived. Digging and interviewing people still around, asking how ancestors did things.
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University of Arizona's Garbage Project
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-carefully controlled study of household waste
-one aim was to test validity of interview and survey techniques -test clearly shows significant difference between hwat people say they do and what garbage analysis shows they actually do -peoples' garbage indicative of their social class |
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Beer in Arizona
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15% of households admitted to consuming beer, when some beer was consumed in over 80% of households!
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two objectives of Rathje's project
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Methodological objective: Finding out how material remains relate to the behavior that produce them
Substantive objective: Find workable explanations of specific and recurrent patterns they observe in the archaeological record |
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Experimental archaeology
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Studying the archaeological process through experimental reconstruction of earlier conditions
Origins traced back to Saxton Pope of the UC Medical Center in San Francisco |
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Ishi
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Subject of experimental archaeology
Befriended Saxton Pope and Alfred Kroeger at UC Berkley in the 1920s Was found in 1911 "Hunting with Bow and Arrow" Dispute over Ishi's brain |
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Nazca Lines
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200 BC - AC 600
Geoglyphs In the Nazca Desert, a high plateau in Peru. Hundreds of individual figures from simple lines to hummingbirds and monkeys Built probably be taking off the first layer of dirt. |
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How the Nazca Lines were dated
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From Carbon 14 analysis, wooden stakes mark the termination of some of the long lines, and one is dated to AD 525 (+/-80). Also, style of lines related to Nazca art.
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Tikal
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Mayan site, in Guatemala. AD 200 - 800. Largest known Mayan city.
Once home to estimated 100k Maya. Has more than 3k temples and palaces. In the jungle and can only be seen by the air. Harder to recover the houses. Not built out of stone! |
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Mayan Stelas
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Stela 31 features elaborate hieroglyphic text detailing members of Tikal's early classic dynasty
Stela 16 features Hasaw Kan K'awil wearing elabroate funeral dress for celebreation of important period ending ceremony. From Tikal |
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Copan
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Also Mayan. In Honduras, AD 200 - 900.
Jungle has reclaimed most of the site. Probably damaged from earthquakes, roofs not on houses. Probablyl ooted. Locals have known for hundreds of years. Ball court! Fairly garish reds and greens and yellows! |
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Palenque
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Mayan city. AD 300 - 900
Temple of the inscriptions. Lots of inscriptions on it. Found unlooted tomb of Pascal inside! |
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Pascal
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Ruled from 615 - 673 (about 60 years or so)
Could have ruled for longer than that, Could have died while he was 80. Came to throne whe nhe was 12! Inscribed panel about journey to the afterlife Jade mask on top |
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Macchu Picchu
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1450 - 1532 AD
In Lower Peru "Discovered" by Hiram Bingham, but the locals knew about it. Secondary palace for area of Cusco? Worshipping up on the mountain? Not entirely sure what it is. Incan! |
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What happened to the Maya
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All go away around 8900. Did they overexploit their environment?
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Residue analysis
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You can take a scraping from the interior of a pot. Best if the pot is still whole, but you can do it with scherds. Do DNA testing, see wine from olive oil, etc.
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Petrography
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You can cut pottery in half and look at a very thin section under the microscope. Look at clay and tell where clay came from! Then you know where piece of pottery was made. Sometimes people imitate pottery, but you can tell where the actual clay came from
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Imported clay
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End of the late bronze age, 1200 bc, everything collapses. All of the sudden, in Israel, they start making Mycinean pottery with clays from Greece. Some people suggest that a shipload of clay was being shipped over
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Phonecians
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Spread the alphabet! Famous for their royal purple dye, with which came the alphabet.
have the same invention of modern writing. Heiroglyphics came up same time as cuneiform. Which one came first? |
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Exchange and trade
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Mutually appropriative movement of goods between hands.
People make trade connections to acquire goods and services not available to them in immediate area |
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Types of exchange
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Internal (within a society) or external (between groups)
Reciprocal, redistributive, and market |
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Reciprocal exchange
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You give me something, I give you something.
1) no immediate return 2) no systematic calculation of the value of services and products exchanged 3) an overt denial that a balance is being calculated or that the balance must come out even |
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Reciprocity
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The mutual exchange of goods between two individuals or groups. At the heart of gift-giving and barter trade.
Examples: Silent trade, trade partnerships |
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Silent Trade
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Objects to be exchanged set out in a clearing, first group scadattles. Other group comes out of hiding, inspects, leave their wares, and scoots. First group returns and, if satisfied, removes traded objects. If not, leaves wares untouched.
Examples: Mbuti of the Ituri forest meat for Bantu bananas Vedda of Sri Lanka trade honey for iron tools with Sinhalese Warring nations may do this to deny that trade is taking place |
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Trade Partnerships
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Most common solution to problem of trading without kinship ties or state-supervised markets.
Members of different groups regard one another as metaphorical kin. Trade aprtners are greeted as "brothers", who give them food and shelter. Try to deal with one another in conformity of reciprocity. Ex. Kula ring |
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Kula
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Trading in the Trobriand Islands. Armbands go around trade ring in one direction, necklaces go around in the other direction to set up trade relationships and kinship relationships
Guys who rowed the big chiefs there were bartering for other goods in the island. Looking beneath the surface! |
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Gift-giving
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Type of reciprocity
Common medium of exchange and trade in societies that are relatively self-supporting. Exchange is primarily to reinforce social relationship. Serve as gestures that place obligations on both parties. |
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Amarna letters
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Sent to King Amenhotep III, the pharoah.
Regarding each other as "brother". Hittite letter (from Hittite king) says "are we sons of the same mother?" Sometimes accusing people of faking gold, not really sending the gold, sending too little gold |
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Redistributive Exchange
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Labor products of several different individuals are brought to a central place, sorted by type, counted, and given away to producers and nonproducers alike.
Considerable organizational effort is required if large quantities of goods are to be brought to the same place at the same time and given away in definite shares. Coordination done by redistributors. Consciously attempt to increase and intensify production to gain prestige. Examples, moka, taxes, Knossos |
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Market exchange
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Administration and organization encourage people to set aside a place for trading and to establish relatively stable prices for staple commodities.
Mechanisms of exchange relationship require some regulation. |
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Tribute
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Gifts to a person of a higher status, without expecting anything back at all
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When Egyptians started marrying off daughters
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About 1279, when tehy signed a peace treaty with Hittites
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Colossi of Memnon
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Two huge 40-foot tall statues outside his mortuary temple
Entire temple was gone, but two statues remain. Misnomer! Memnon is a character of the Trojan war, thought to be prince of Ethopia. Left one was famous in antiquity because it would moan and cry, until someone repaired a broken shoulder too well. |
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Smaller statues of Memnon
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Only 10 feet tall
All we have is the feet. Only five have been found. Carved names on each. List, different parts of the world. Put them together, get the world as Egyptians knew it. "Agean List" |
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Agean List
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List of Greeks.
Hands are tied behind their backs. Captives? Wishful thinking! When Egpytians were dealing with people, they thought they were in charge of the world. When they listed names, put them inside a captive prisoner. Names are of fortified cities! Could it be a trade route? |
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Trade route hypothesis for Agaen List
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Look for stuff at each site that is Egyptian from the time of Amenhotep
Vase of Mycenae, with cartouche of Amenhotep! Faience at Mycanae, things found NOWHERE else in the world except Egypt. Greeting gifts? Is it a trade route for one-time, or continual route? Found Amenhotep scarab at Knossos and Queen Tiyi scarab at Crete |
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Evidence for Late Minoan Foreign Relations with the Eastern Mediterranean
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1) Egyptian and Near Eastern objects (Orientalia) found in Late Bronze Age contexts in Crete
2) Minoan pottery and other artifacts found in LBA contexts in Egypt, Anatolia, Syria-Palestine, Cyprus, and mesopotamia 3) Bronze Age documents from Ugarit in various Egyptian places mentioning Crete and Minoans 4) Linear B tablets found at Knossos with contextual references resulting in contact with east-med 5) Wall paintings depicting Minoans, and Minoan things at New Kingdom tombs, and others on walls and floors of Bronze Age palaces in Egypt and Syria-Palestine |
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Flying Gallop
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A Mycinean concept on an Egyptian axe
Flying animal thinger at bottom of Queen Ah-Hotep Axe |
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Linear B tablet
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Found at Knossos (14th century BCE), containing textual references resulting in contact with places.
Linear B mi-sa-ra-jo = Egyptian (from Semitic word for Egypt, Misraim) a3-ku-pi-ti-jo = "Memphite" or "Egyptial" e-re-pa, e-re-pa-te-jo/-ja = "ivory". got ivory from hippos,hunted them to extinction |
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Uluburun Ship
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From the end of the late bronze age.
Has artifacts from seven different cultures - Greece, Italy Turkey, what is now Iraq, Cyprus, Egypt, etc. At 140 - 170 feet deep George Bass and Cemal Pulak Diving went from 1984 to 1996. Not one accident! And found no bodies! Nobody knows what happened to the people. Was probably going from east to west |
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ingot
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Talent. 60 lbs of raw copper. Bun ingot attached to oxhide ingot.
Name "oxhide ingot" named for shape which looks like an ox hide Can do lead-isotope analysis to see where they came from. They all came from Cyprus |
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Where was the Uluburun ship found?
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Off the coast of turkey. Nearest town is Kos
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What was the Uluburun ship doig?
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Possible "port-to-port trading". Thought it was a tramp steamer at first, now they think it was a ship between kings?
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George Bass
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had been grad student at UPenn in the 60s. Looking for a dissertation topic. Took scuba lessons, then went on an underwater dig on Turkey.
Said that Turks were going over to Greece, which was fairly unheard of. Found decomposed tin that looked liek toothpaste. Talked to sponge divers to see if anything was undersea |
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Nefertiti scarab
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Found on the Uluburun ship. Dates back to 1330 BC, which dates the ship
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How did they dig at Uluburun?
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Took pictures of EVERYTHING, tried to measure really accurately.
Dug with vacuum cleaners! Everything's drawn and flagged. Only take up the object at the very last moment. |
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What did they find at the Uluburun shipwreck?
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Six-foot tall barrels that held lots of pottery!
Three swords: one Italian, one Canaanite, and one Mycinean Gold cup, don't know where it's from or when it was made! Piece of Mycinean pottery can be dated almost exactly! Everything that an army needs to fight, can outfit an army of 300 people 140 Canaanite jars on board. Most empty. One half-full of glass beads. Doing residue-analysis to figure out what the other jars held. Raw glass! Blue color is cobalt. Found raw Ivory, from elephant and hippo Terabith resin from the pistachio tree in a jar silver bracelets Gold pendants, using amber as glue. Don't nkow f they're for men or women. One with a star worn by a man, picture in tomb painting. Dipcyth |
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Where did tin in the ancient world come from?
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Afghanistan! Very rare to go to Cornwall, but it was really rare, and nobody was going to Bolivia.
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Why the Uluburun treasure might be a kingly gift
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Found a riton, a drinking vessel shaped like a ram's head. These are vibru, and only used by kings. Either a king's gift or someone was stealing from the king
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Dipcyth
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Writing tablets, with hinges, Wax is missing. You write on the wax.
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Cultural resources
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Human-made and natural physical resources associated with human activity. They are unique and nonrenewable, and include sites, structures, artifacts significant in history/prehistory
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Cultural resource management
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Application of management skills to preserve important parts of cultural heritage, both prehistoric and historic, for the benefit of the public today and in the future.
Equated to business side of archaeology. New building goes up, they affirm that there's no archaeology there. Covers public archaeology and historical preservation |
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Antiquities Act of 1906
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First formal preservation of America's past began here. Primarily aimed at controlling lucrative trade in painted pueblo pots from the Southwest
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Historic Sites Act of 1935
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Baseline act gave National Park Service broad mandate to identify, protect, and preserve cultural properties. Numerous state and Native American tribal laws amplify and complicate this already complex legislative picture.
National park service got involved. Frank McMan, does archaeology within national parks |
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Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960
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Act authorized archaeologist to dig and salvage sites in danger of destruction
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Historic Preservation Act of 1966
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Set up national framework for historic preservation. Requires federal government to establish nationwide system for identifying, protecting, and rehabilitating what are "historic places". Called for establishment of National Register of Historic Places.
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National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
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NEPA.
Went far beyond protection. Required federal agencies to weigh environmental, historical, and cultural values whenever federally-owned land is modified or private land is modified with federal funds. More concerned for environment, but historical and archaeology are in there. |
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Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979
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Gave protection to a site 100 years old and on federal land.
If someone went onto federal land and looted, they would be committing a felony if they didn't have a permit. Can be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to a year in prison. Gives no protection to archaeological resources on private land. |
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Abandoned Shipwrecks Act of 1988
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Extended protection to shipwrecks and defined ownership of abandoned vessels in government water more clearly. Important weapon in fight against unauthorized looting.
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Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990
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Requires museums to give back remains, sacred objects, and "objects of cultural patrimony" to living Native American groups.
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Strategies of CRM research
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1. Find out where stuff is or isn't. Type of approach a CEO will ask for. Doesn't care what's there, but if something is there. In last 10 years, new journal started, Journal of CRM. Encouraging archaeologists to put in contract that they can publish in journals as well as give CEO the report.
2. Problem oriented. Go in to figure out the problem. Make use of locals, use survey and limited archaeology. |
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How would the public benefit in practical ways from the expenditure of enormous funds on archaeology?
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1) Use CRM to preserve things, and make them into tourist attractions
2) You go to work at museum, but you can go into filmmaking, the internet, etc. |
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Public archaeology
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A form of archaeology open and accessible to the public through TV, state-sponsored "archaeology weeks", special museum displays, and the Internet
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If a looted object comes from a war zone...
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you are able to publish it if you give an Iraqi Museum number and promise to repatriate it at some point.
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Objects from the Iraq museum now missing
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1) Head of Sargon or Naram-Sin, 2300 BCE (found!)
2) The "Mona Lisa" of Nimrud 3) Bronze Statuette, Uruk Period 4) Statue of a worshipper, from Abu Temple in Tel Asmar, 2600 BC 5) Spouted jar from Uruk, 3000 BC |
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Pliny letters
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Eyewitness account of Pomepii disaster. Uncle died from poison gas.
Staying at his uncle's house. Writing to historian Tacitus. getting immortality by being in a history book! Cloud rising out of the mountain, it's Vesuvius! |
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Pompeii bath houses
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Had separate ones for women and men.
Pompeii was a rich people retreat! |
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House of the Faun
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-One of the most famous houses
-Plants part of the courtyard and everything -Same sort of plants in SoCal -Called House of the Faun because there is a faun-shaped fountain At Pomepii. Contains Pompeii Mosaic |
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Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, date
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24 August, AD 79
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Villa of the Mysteries
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Dionysian mystery religion.
Could not be a member of a mystery cult, but overlooked if you also worshipped the Roman gods. At Pompeii |
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Pompeii Mosaic
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Alexander at Issus, finghting Darius right where Turkey meets Syria. First time that Greeks beat the Persians! IN the House of the Faun
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Cave Canum
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Titled entryway at Pomepii
Owned a really cute dog. "Beware of dog" |
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How many people died at Pomepii?
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About 2k. Chained up gladiators dead
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Election Notices at Pompeii
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Showed how Pompeii people campaigned and held elections.
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Herculaneum
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Overcome by a wall of mud!
Easy to outrun, so very few bodies and such, but lots of houses preserved. Was the poor cousin of Pompeii. Lots of people who worked in Pompeii lived in Herculaneum. Had bath houses too! |
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Piltdown Man
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"Found" in a quarry in Piltdown, England. Fragments discovered in 1908 - 1915
Two pieces of skull, jawbone, tooth by Charles Dawson and others Seen as the "missing link" between modern humans and ancient apes. Proven to be a complete fake in 1953 with chemical analysis. Only a 600-year skull, and jawbone was of an orangutan Dawson conveniently died in 1916 |
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The Dorak Affair
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James Mellaart
Close to modern-day Instanbul First appeared in the Illustrated London News. Showed figurines, bracelets,a ll kids of ceramicware, gold, silver, axes, mace heads, piece of gold that overlain chair with hieroflyphs of an Egyptian pharoah. Supposedly from 3rd millennium BC, first contact between Egypt and Turkey, around same time as Death Pits of Ur Mellaart was kicked out of Turkey. Turks thought that he was tied up with the treasure. |
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Ivory pomegranate
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Contained an inscription mentioning YHWH and the First Temple. was eventually purchased by Israel Museum for $550k.
Probably would have gone on top of wooden staff or scepter. Published in 1984 by Biblical Antiques. Pomegranate was real but inscription was fake. Letters were carved and ended a milimeter before the ancient break. |
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James Ossuary
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October 2002
Inscription says "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus". Autenticated by Andre Lemaire. Was shipped from Israel to Canada in cardboard and bubble wrap, and cracked, right in the middle of the inscription Inscription was not authentic, but the ossuary was. Original patina was cut through and coated wtih granular patina that was made of chalk dust and water spread around on the inscription. was hidden in toilet |
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Oded Golan
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Owned James Ossuary, and the pomegranate.
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Jehoash Tablet
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Black stone tablet with inscription reportedly detailing King Jehoash's repairs to the first temple. Ruled over Jusah from 836 to 798 BCE.
Part of the patina had carbon and little itty bitty bits of solid gold |
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Yuval Goren
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Led team that concluded that the James ossuary featured a fake inscription. Said that the Johoash tablet inscription was fake too. Fake patinas!
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Shlomo Moussaieff
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Bought many things from Golan. Pretended to lose his memory on the witness stand
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